Inbred corn line PHAR1

ABSTRACT

A novel inbred maize line designated PHAR1 and seed, plants and plant parts thereof. Methods for producing a maize plant that comprise crossing inbred maize line PHAR1 with another maize plant. Methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traits introgressed into PHAR1 through backcross conversion and/or transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced thereby. Hybrid maize seed, plant or plant part produced by crossing the inbred line PHAR1 or a trait conversion of PHAR1 with another maize line. Inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PHAR1, methods for producing other inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PHAR1 and the inbred maize lines and their parts derived by the use of those methods.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/047,991, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,326, filed on Jan. 31, 2005, thecontents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the field of maize breeding,specifically relating to an inbred maize line designated PHAR1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single variety or hybrid,various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits may includeresistance to diseases and insects, resistance to heat and drought,reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomicquality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plantcharacteristics such as germination, stand establishment, growth rate,maturity, plant height and ear height, is important. Traditional plantbreeding is an important tool in developing new and improved commercialcrops.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred maize line,designated PHAR1 and processes for making PHAR1. This invention relatesto seed of inbred maize line PHAR1, to the plants of inbred maize linePHAR1, to plant parts of inbred maize line PHAR1, and to processes formaking a maize plant that comprise crossing inbred maize line PHAR1 withanother maize plant. This invention also relates to processes for makinga maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traitsintrogressed into PHAR1 through backcross conversion and/ortransformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced bysuch introgression. This invention further relates to a hybrid maizeseed, plant or plant part produced by crossing the inbred line PHAR1 oran introgressed trait conversion of PHAR1 with another maize line. Thisinvention also relates to inbred maize lines derived from inbred maizeline PHAR1 to processes for making other inbred maize lines derived frominbred maize line PHAR1 and to the inbred maize lines and their partsderived by the use of those processes.

Definitions

Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Alsoin the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In orderto provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification andclaims, including the scope to be given such terms, the followingdefinitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN ispercent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybridwas grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage.% NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait.For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot thatwere not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors todenote how the values are to be interpreted.

ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped”plants per plot following machine snapping. A snapped plant has itsstalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and thenode above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.

ALLELE. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence.Typically, in a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a givensequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologouschromosomes.

ALTER. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or genesilencing.

ANTHESIS. The time of a flower's opening.

ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola). A 1 to 9visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. Ahigher score indicates a higher resistance.

BACKCROSSING. Process in which a breeder crosses a hybrid progeny lineback to one of the parental genotypes one or more times.

BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS. The percent of plants per plot that were notbarren (lack ears).

BREEDING. The genetic manipulation of living organisms.

BREEDING CROSS. A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plantfor the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plantA with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different fromplant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then beselfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.)until a new inbred variety is developed. For clarification, such newinbred varieties would be within a pedigree distance of one breedingcross of plants A and B. The process described above would be referredto as one breeding cycle.

BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near thetime of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbredwould snap or break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Dataare presented as percentage of plants that did not snap.

CELL. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, intissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part.

CLDTST=COLD TEST. The percent of plants that germinate under cold testconditions.

CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS. Synergistic interaction of maize chloroticmottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus(MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visualrating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher scoreindicates a higher resistance.

COMRST=COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicatingthe resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higherresistance.

CROSS POLLINATION. A plant is cross pollinated if the pollen comes froma flower on a different plant from a different family or line. Crosspollination excludes sib and self pollination.

CROSS. As used herein, the term “cross” or “crossing” can refer to asimple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on thecontext.

D/D=DRYDOWN. This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid willreach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fastwhile a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.

DIPERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydis and Diplodiamacrospora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toDiplodia Ear Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

DIPLOID PLANT PART. Refers to a plant part or cell that has the samediploid genotype as PHAR1.

DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due toDiplodia (Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 beinghighly resistant.

DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS. A measure of the number of dropped ears per plotand represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior toharvest.

D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE. This represents a 1 to 9 rating for droughttolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A highscore indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poordrought tolerance.

EARHT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to thehighest placed developed ear node attachment and is measured incentimeters.

EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD. Visual rating (1 to 9 score) where a 1 is verysusceptible and a 9 is very resistant. This is based on overall ratingfor ear mold of mature ears without determining the specific moldorganism, and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold.

EARSZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher therating the larger the ear size.

EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped” plantsper plot following severe winds when the corn plant is experiencing veryrapid vegetative growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent ofplants that did not snap.

ECB1LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GENERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinianubilalis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance topreflowering leaf feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. Ahigher score indicates a higher resistance.

ECB2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING(Ostrinia nubilalis). Average inches of tunneling per plant in thestalk.

ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis). A 1to 9 visual rating indicating post flowering degree of stalk breakageand other evidence of feeding by second generation European Corn Borer.A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED EARS (Ostrinia nubilalis). Droppedears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not dropears under second generation European Corn Borer infestation.

EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH. This is a measure of the relative height and sizeof a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf stage of growth. This is a visualrating (1 to 9), with 1 being weak or slow growth, 5 being averagegrowth and 9 being strong growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, moregreen mass and darker color constitute higher score.

ELITE INBRED. An inbred that contributed desirable qualities when usedto produce commercial hybrids. An elite inbred may also be used infurther breeding for the purpose of developing further improvedvarieties.

ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING. The percentage of plants that do not rootlodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the verticalaxis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be counted asroot lodged.

ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING. An estimate of the percentage of plants thatdo not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from thevertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would beconsidered as root lodged.

ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that leanfrom a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater whichtypically results from strong winds prior to or around floweringrecorded within 2 weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1 to 9 scorewith 9 being no lodging.

ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishmentin the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on perplot basis for the inbred or hybrid.

EYESPT=EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium zeae). A 1 to 9 visualrating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium moniliforme or Fusariumsubglutinans). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toFusarium Ear Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS. Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, whichassumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50 degreesF.-86 degrees F. and that temperatures outside this range slow downgrowth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimumdaily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is amajor factor in determining maturity zones.

GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heatunits required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time ofplanting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method,where the heat units for a 24-hour period are:

${G\; D\; U} = {\frac{\left( {{Max}.\mspace{14mu}{temp}.{+ {{Min}.\mspace{14mu}{temp}.}}} \right)}{2} - 50}$

The highest maximum temperature used is 86 degrees F. and the lowestminimum temperature used is 50 degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid ittakes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plantdevelopment.

GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK. The number of growing degree units required for aninbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plantswith silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units arecalculated by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHD definition.

GENE SILENCING. The interruption or suppression of the expression of agene at the level of transcription or translation.

GENOTYPE. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

GIBERS=GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae). A 1 to 9 visualrating indicating the resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher scoreindicates a higher resistance.

GIBROT=GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due toGibberella (Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 beinghighly resistant.

GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

GOSWLT=GOSS'WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the generalappearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factorsas the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any crackedgrain. High scores indicate good grain visual quality.

HAPLOID PLANT PART. Refers to a plant part or cell that has the samehaploid genotype as PHAR1.

HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum).A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporiuminfection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana). This score indicates thepercentage of plants not infected.

HSKCVR=HUSK COVER. A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to keychecks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear andkernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under mostconditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending andclosed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done nearphysiological maturity stage or any time during dry down untilharvested.

INBRED. A line developed through inbreeding or doubled haploidy thatpreferably comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of itsloci.

INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE). Relative income per acreassuming drying costs of two cents per point above 15.5 percent harvestmoisture and current market price per bushel.

INCOME/ACRE. Income advantage of hybrid to be patented over other hybridon per acre basis.

INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE. Gross income advantage of variety #1over variety #2.

INTROGRESSION. The process of transferring genetic material from onegenotype to another.

KSZDCD=KERNEL SIZE DISCARD. The percent of discard seed; calculated asthe sum of discarded tip kernels and extra large kernels.

LINKAGE. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosometend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if theirtransmission was independent.

LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend toremain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents tooffspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individualfrequencies.

LOCUS. A defined segment of DNA.

L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY. Yield ability at relatively low plantdensities on a 1 to 9 relative system with a higher number indicatingthe hybrid responds well to low plant densities for yield relative toother hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9 would represent very poor, average, andvery good yield response, respectively, to low plant density.

LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING. The percentage of plants that do not rootlodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the verticalaxis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be counted asroot lodged.

LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING. An estimate of the percentage of plants thatdo not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean fromthe vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater wouldbe considered as root lodged.

LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that leanfrom a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater whichtypically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior toharvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results inplants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and donot straighten or “goose-neck” back to a vertical position. Expressed asa 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.

MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus andMCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating theresistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

MST=HARVEST MOISTURE. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture ofthe grain at harvest.

MSTADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE. The moisture advantage of variety #1 overvariety #2 as calculated by: MOISTURE of variety #2−MOISTURE of variety#1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE of variety #1.

NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicum or Exserohilumturcicum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to NorthernLeaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

OILT=GRAIN OIL. Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predictedby Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.

PEDIGREE DISTANCE. Relationship among generations based on theirancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by thedistance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry.

PERCENT IDENTITY. Percent identity as used herein refers to thecomparison of the homozygous alleles of two inbred lines. Each inbredplant will have the same allele (and therefore be homozygous) at almostall of their loci. Percent identity is determined by comparing astatistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two inbredlines. For example, a percent identity of 90% between inbred PHAR1 andother inbred line means that the two inbred lines have the same alleleat 90% of their loci.

PERCENT SIMILARITY. Percent similarity as used herein refers to thecomparison of the homozygous alleles of an inbred line with anotherplant. The homozygous alleles of PHAR1 are compared with the alleles ofa non-inbred plant, such as a hybrid, and if the allele of the inbredmatches at least one of the alleles from the hybrid then they are scoredas similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing astatistically significant number of loci and recording the number ofloci with similar alleles as a percentage. For example, a percentsimilarity of 90% between inbred PHAR1 and a hybrid maize plant meansthat the inbred line matches at least one of the hybrid alleles at 90%of the loci. In the case of a hybrid produced from PHAR1 as the male orfemale parent, such hybrid will comprise two sets of alleles, one set ofwhich will comprise the same alleles as the homozygous alleles of inbredline PHAR1.

PLANT. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to animmature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has beendetasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryothat will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant.

PLANT PARTS. As used herein, the term “plant parts” includes leaves,stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs,husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and thelike.

PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant fromthe ground to the tip of the tassel in centimeters.

POLSC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount ofpollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.

POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT. This is calculated by dry weight of tasselscollected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tasselsharvested after shedding is complete.

POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS. Measured as 1000s per acre.

POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE. The plant population advantage ofvariety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by PLANT POPULATION of variety#2−PLANT POPULATION of variety #1=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE of variety#1.

PRM=PREDICTED RELATIVE MATURITY. This trait, predicted relativematurity, is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relativematurity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standardlinear regression analyses and is also referred to as the ComparativeRelative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the MinnesotaRelative Maturity Rating System.

PRMSHD=A relative measure of the growing degree units (GDU) required toreach 50% pollen shed. Relative values are predicted values from thelinear regression of observed GDU's on relative maturity of commercialchecks.

PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN. Absolute value of protein content of the kernel aspredicted by Near-infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent ofdry matter.

RESISTANCE. Synonymous with tolerance. The ability of a plant towithstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other condition.A resistant plant variety will have a level of resistance higher than acomparable wild-type variety.

RTLDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do notroot lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately30 degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.

RTLADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE. The root lodging advantage of variety #1over variety #2.

SCTGRN=SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount ofscatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. Thehigher the score the less scatter grain.

SDGVGR=SEEDLING VIGOR. This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amountof vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage(approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor.

SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure ofthe hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A maizebreeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selectionindex. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Theselection index data presented in the tables represent the mean valueaveraged across testing stations.

SELF POLLINATION. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one floweris transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant.

SIB POLLINATION. A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within thesame family or line are used for pollination.

SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydis or Bipolarismaydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to SouthernLeaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

STAGRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near thetime of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high scoreindicates better late-season plant health.

STDADV=STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE. The advantage of variety #1 overvariety #2 for the trait STK CNT.

STKCNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants perplot.

STKLDG=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is the percentage of plants that didnot stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moistureis between about 20 and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging orpushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that breakbelow the ear.

STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE. A plant is considered as stalk lodged if thestalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can becaused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late inthe season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage orgenetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or atharvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging.

STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING. This is the percent of plants that did notstalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late seasonharvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measured by either naturallodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plantsthat break or crimp below the ear.

STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is an estimate of the percentage ofplants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest(when grain moisture is between about 20 and 30%) as measured by eithernatural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage ofplants that break below the ear.

STRT=GRAIN STARCH. Absolute value of starch content of the kernel aspredicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent ofdry matter.

STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

TASBLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure thedegree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at thetime of flowering. A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting attime of flowering, while a 9 would have no tassel blasting.

TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate therelative size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger thetassel.

TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams)just prior to pollen shed.

TEXEAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate therelative hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would bevery soft (extreme dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or verysmooth crown).

TILLER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that couldpossibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage oftillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants perplot.

TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED). The measure of the weight of the grainin pounds for a given volume (bushel).

TSWADV=TEST WEIGHT ADVANTAGE. The test weight advantage of variety #1over variety #2.

WIN M %=PERCENT MOISTURE WINS. WIN Y %=PERCENT YIELD WINS.

YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Yield of the grain at harvest inbushels per acre adjusted to 15% moisture.

YLDADV=YIELD ADVANTAGE. The yield advantage of variety #1 over variety#2 as calculated by: YIELD of variety #1−YIELD variety #2=YIELDADVANTAGE of variety #1.

YLDSC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relativerating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating thegreater visual yield appearance.

Definitions for Area of Adaptability

When referring to area of adaptability, such term is used to describethe location with the environmental conditions that would be well suitedfor this maize line. Area of adaptability is based on a number offactors, for example: days to maturity, insect resistance, diseaseresistance, and drought resistance. Area of adaptability does notindicate that the maize line will grow in every location within the areaof adaptability or that it will not grow outside the area.

-   Central Corn Belt: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana-   Drylands: non-irrigated areas of North Dakota, South Dakota,    Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma-   Eastern U.S.: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and    West Virginia-   North central U.S.: Minnesota and Wisconsin-   Northeast: Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Ontario and Quebec    Canada-   Northwest U.S.: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Washington,    Oregon, Montana, Utah, and Idaho-   South central U.S.: Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas-   Southeast U.S.: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,    Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana-   Southwest U.S.: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona-   Western U.S.: Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and California-   Maritime Europe Northern France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and    Austria

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND FURTHER EMBODIMENTS

All tables discussed in the Detailed Description of the Invention andFurther Embodiments section can found at the end of the section.

Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of PHAR1

Inbred maize line PHAR1 is a yellow, flint-dent maize inbred that may beused as either a male or female in the production of the firstgeneration F1 maize hybrid although PHAR1 may be best suited for use asa female. Inbred maize line PHAR1 is best adapted to the Central CornBelt and Eastern United States and is useful in making silage hybrids ofapproximately 110 CRM. PHAR1 is of average height and per se yield. Itproduces seed that is above average for cold test although below averagefor grain texture with occasional kernel popping. PHAR1 sometimesproduces plants that are poorly developed characterized by less thannormal elongation of the mid-plant internodes. Expression of this traitappears to be environmentally influenced. In hybrid combination, PHAR1demonstrates good resistance to foliar diseases including northern cornleaf blight, southern corn leaf blight and grey leaf spot. It alsoproduces hybrids that are slightly above average for plant height,average for yield and have good silage characteristics.

The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits ofenvironmental influence for all the traits as described in the VarietyDescription Information (Table 1, found at the end of the section). Theinbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number ofgenerations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type toensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use incommercial hybrid seed production. The line has been increased both byhand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity.No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PHAR1.

Inbred maize line PHAR1, being substantially homozygous, can bereproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting maizeplants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions withadequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniquesfamiliar to the agricultural arts.

Genotypic Characteristics of PHAR1

In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identifiedby its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through agenetic marker profile, which can identify plants of the same variety ora related variety, or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. TheSSR profile of Inbred PHAR1 can be found in Table 2 at the end of thissection. As a result of inbreeding, PHAR1 is substantially homozygous.This homozygosity has been characterized at the loci shown in the markerprofile provided herein. An F1 hybrid made with PHAR1 would comprise themarker profile of PHAR1 shown herein. This is because an F1 hybrid isthe sum of its inbred parents, e.g., if one inbred parent is homozygousfor allele x at a particular locus, and the other inbred parent ishomozygous for allele y at that locus, the F1 hybrid will be x.y(heterozygous) at that locus. The profile can therefore be used toidentify hybrids comprising PHAR1 as a parent, since such hybrids willcomprise two sets of alleles, one set of which will be from PHAR1. Thedetermination of the male set of alleles and the female set of allelesmay be made by profiling the hybrid and the pericarp of the hybrid seed,which is composed of maternal parent cells. One way to obtain thepaternal parent profile is to subtract the pericarp profile from thehybrid profile.

Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding areexpected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or x.y(heterozygous) for these locus positions. When the F1 plant is used toproduce an inbred, the resulting inbred should be either x or y for thatallele. In that regard, a unique allele or combination of alleles uniqueto that inbred can be used to identify progeny plants that retain thoseunique alleles or combinations of alleles.

Therefore, in accordance with the above, an embodiment of this inventionis a PHAR1 progeny maize plant or plant part that is a first generation(F1) hybrid maize plant comprising two sets of alleles, wherein one setof the alleles is the same as PHAR1 at all of the SSR loci listed inTable 2. A maize cell wherein one set of the alleles is the same asPHAR1 at all of the SSR loci listed in Table 2 is also an embodiment ofthe invention. This maize cell may be a part of a hybrid seed, plant orplant part produced by crossing PHAR1 with another inbred maize plant.

Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such asRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly AmplifiedPolymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction(AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence CharacterizedAmplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms(AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to asMicrosatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Forexample, see Berry, Don et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry UsingSimple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Hybrids andInbreds”, Genetics, 2002, 161:813-824, and Berry, Don et al., “AssessingProbability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles:Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties”, Genetics,2003, 165: 331-342.

Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to the set ofmarkers disclosed herein, but may include any type of marker and markerprofile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. In additionto being used for identification of Inbred maize line PHAR1, a hybridproduced through the use of PHAR1, and the identification orverification of pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use ofPHAR1, the genetic marker profile is also useful in further breeding andin developing an introgressed trait conversion of PHAR1.

Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms arewell known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphismsin repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A markersystem based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysisrelative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may bepresent. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through useof flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, bythe polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need forlabor-intensive Southern hybridization. The PCR detection is done by useof two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment ofrepetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followedby annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at lowtemperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase,comprise the major part of the methodology.

Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of theamplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the sizeof the amplified fragment, which may be measured by the base pair weightor molecular weight of the fragment. While variation in the primer usedor in laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size,relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primeror laboratory used. When comparing lines it is preferable if all SSRprofiles are performed in the same lab. The SSR analyses reported hereinwere conducted in-house at Pioneer Hi-Bred. An SSR service is availableto the public on a contractual basis by DNA Landmarks inSaint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.

Primers used for the SSRs reported herein are publicly available and maybe found in the Maize GDB on the World Wide Web at maizegdb.org(sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service), in Sharopova etal. (Plant Mol. Biol. 48(5-6):463-481), Lee et al. (Plant Mol. Biol.48(5-6); 453-461), or may be constructed from sequences if reportedherein. Primers may be constructed from publicly available sequenceinformation. Some marker information may also be available from DNALandmarks.

Map information is provided by bin number as reported in the Maize GDBfor the IBM 2 and/or IBM 2 Neighbors maps. The bin number digits to theleft of decimal point represent the chromosome on which such marker islocated, and the digits to the right of the decimal represent thelocation on such chromosome. A bin number.xx designation indicates thatthe bin location on that chromosome is not known. Map positions are alsoavailable on the Maize GDB for a variety of different mappingpopulations.

PHAR1 and its plant parts can be identified through a molecular markerprofile. An inbred corn plant cell having the SSR genetic marker profileshown in Table 2 is an embodiment of the invention. Such plant cell maybe either diploid or haploid.

Also encompassed within the scope of the invention are plants and plantparts substantially benefiting from the use of PHAR1 in theirdevelopment, such as PHAR1 comprising a introgressed trait throughbackcross conversion or transformation, and which may be identified byhaving an SSR molecular marker profile with a high percent identity toPHAR1, such as at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% identity.Likewise, percent similarity at these percentages may be used toidentify hybrid and other non-inbred plants produced by the use ofPHAR1.

An embodiment of this invention is an inbred PHAR1 progeny maize plantor plant part comprising the same homozygous alleles as the plant orplant part of PHAR1 for at least 90% of the SSR loci listed in Table 2.A plant cell comprising the same homozygous alleles as a plant cell ofPHAR1 for at least 90% of the SSR loci listed in Table 2 is also anembodiment of this invention. In these specific embodiments, 90% mayalso be replaced by any integer or partial integer percent of 80% orgreater as listed above. One means of producing such a progeny plant,plant part or cell is through the backcrossing and/or transformationmethods described herein.

Similarly, an embodiment of this invention is a PHAR1 progeny maizeplant or plant part comprising at least one allele per locus that is thesame allele as the plant or plant part of PHAR1 for at least 90% of theSSR loci listed in Table 2. This progeny plant may be a hybrid. Aprogeny or hybrid plant cell wherein at least one allele per locus thatis the same allele as the plant cell PHAR1 for at least 90% of the SSRloci listed in Table 2 is also a specific embodiment of this invention.In these specific embodiments, 90% may also be replaced by any integerpercent listed above. One means of producing such a progeny or hybridplant, plant part or cell is through the backcrossing and/ortransformation methods described herein.

In addition, the SSR profile of PHAR1 also can be used to identifyessentially derived varieties and other progeny lines developed from theuse of PHAR1, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Progenyplants and plant parts produced using PHAR1 may be identified by havinga molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%,73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5%genetic contribution from inbred line PHAR1, as measured by eitherpercent identity or percent similarity.

Comparing PHAR1 to Other Inbreds

A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should beselected from segregating populations and ultimately which inbred lineswill be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition toknowledge of the germplasm and plant genetics, a part of the selectionprocess is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use ofstatistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis areused to help determine which plants, which family of plants, and finallywhich inbred lines and hybrid combinations are significantly better ordifferent for one or more traits of interest. Experimental designmethods are used to assess error so that differences between two inbredlines or two hybrid lines can be more accurately evaluated. Statisticalanalysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of thestatistical significance of the sources of variation, and thecalculation of the appropriate variance components. Either a five or aone percent significance level is customarily used to determine whethera difference that occurs for a given trait is real or due to theenvironment or experimental error. One of ordinary skill in the art ofplant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plantvarieties to determine if there is no significant difference between thetwo traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr, Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, p. 261-286 (1987). Mean trait valuesmay be used to determine whether trait differences are significant.Trait values should preferably be measured on plants grown under thesame environmental conditions, and environmental conditions should beappropriate for the traits or traits being evaluated. Sufficientselection pressure should be present for optimum measurement of traitsof interest such as herbicide, insect or disease resistance. Similarly,an introgressed trait conversion of PHAR1 for resistance, such asherbicide resistance, should not be compared to PHAR1 in the presence ofthe herbicide when comparing non-resistance related traits such as plantheight and yield.

In Table 3, data from traits and characteristics of inbred maize linePHAR1 per se are given and compared to other maize inbred lines andhybrids. The following are the results of these comparisons. The resultsin Table 3 show inbred PHAR1 has significantly different traits comparedto other maize inbred lines.

The results in Table 3A compare inbred PHAR1 to inbred PH3RC. Theresults show inbred PHAR1 has significantly different plant height andnumber of growing degree units required to have approximately 50 percentof plants with silk emergence from time of planting compared to PH3RC.

The results in Table 3B compare inbred PHAR1 to inbred PH2VJ. Theresults show inbred PHAR1 differs significantly over multiple traitsincluding gray leaf spot and northern leaf blight tolerance whencompared to inbred PH2VJ.

The results in Table 3C compare inbred PHAR1 to inbred PH07D. Theresults show inbred PHAR1 differs significantly from PH07D in a numberof traits including yield and ear height.

Development of Maize Hybrids using PHAR1

A single cross maize hybrid results from the cross of two inbred lines,each of which has a genotype that complements the genotype of the other.The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F1. In thedevelopment of commercial hybrids in a maize plant breeding program,only the F1 hybrid plants are sought. F1 hybrids are more vigorous thantheir inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifestedin many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth andincreased yield.

PHAR1 may be used to produce hybrid maize. One such embodiment is themethod of crossing inbred maize line PHAR1 with another maize plant,such as a different maize inbred line, to form a first generation F1hybrid seed. The first generation F1 hybrid seed, plant and plant partproduced by this method is an embodiment of the invention. The firstgeneration F1 seed, plant and plant part will comprise an essentiallycomplete set of the alleles of inbred line PHAR1. One of ordinary skillin the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods toidentify a particular F1 hybrid plant produced using inbred line PHAR1.Further, one of ordinary skill in the art may also produce F1 hybridswith transgenic, male sterile and/or backcross conversions of inbredline PHAR1

The development of a maize hybrid in a maize plant breeding programinvolves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasmpools for initial breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of the selectedplants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce aseries of inbred lines, such as PHAR1, which, although different fromeach other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing theselected inbred lines with different inbred lines to produce thehybrids. During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the linesdecreases, and so one would not be likely to use PHAR1 directly toproduce grain. However, vigor is restored when PHAR1 is crossed to adifferent inbred line to produce a commercial F1 hybrid. An importantconsequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred line isthat the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds may be reproducedindefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents ismaintained.

PHAR1 may be used to produce a single cross hybrid, a double crosshybrid, or a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced whentwo inbred lines are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double crosshybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D)and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-waycross hybrid is produced from three inbred lines where two of the inbredlines are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed withthe third inbred (A×B)×C. In each case, pericarp tissue from the femaleparent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed.

Combining Ability of PHAR1

Combining ability of a line, as well as the performance of the line perse, is a factor in the selection of improved maize inbreds. Combiningability refers to a line's contribution as a parent when crossed withother lines to form hybrids. The hybrids formed for the purpose ofselecting superior lines may be referred to as test crosses, and includecomparisons to other hybrid varieties grown in the same environment(same cross, location and time of planting). One way of measuringcombining ability is by using values based in part on the overall meanof a number of test crosses weighted by number of experiment andlocation combinations in which the hybrid combinations occurs. The meanmay be adjusted to remove environmental effects and known geneticrelationships among the lines.

General combining ability provides an overall score for the inbred overa large number of test crosses. Specific combining ability providesinformation on hybrid combinations formed by PHAR1 and a specific inbredparent. A line such as PHAR1 which exhibits good general combiningability may be used in a large number of hybrid combinations.

A general combining ability report for inbred PHAR1 is provided in Table4. This data represents the overall mean value for these traits overhundreds of test crosses. Table 4 demonstrates that inbred PHAR1 showsgood general combining ability for hybrid production.

Hybrid Comparisons

These hybrid comparisons represent specific hybrid crosses with PHAR1and a comparison of these specific hybrids with other hybrids withfavorable characteristics. These comparisons illustrate the goodspecific combining ability of PHAR1.

The results in Table 5 compare a specific hybrid for which inbred PHAR1is a parent with other hybrids. The results show that inbred PHAR1 showsgood specific combining ability.

Introgression of a New Locus or Trait into PHAR1

PHAR1 represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or traitmay be introgressed. Direct transformation and backcrossing representtwo important methods that can be used to accomplish such anintrogression. The term backcross conversion and single locus conversionare used interchangeably to designate the product of a backcrossingprogram.

Backcross Conversions of PHAR1

A backcross conversion of PHAR1 occurs when DNA sequences are introducedthrough backcrossing (Hallauer et al. in Corn and Corn Improvement,Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. 1998), with PHAR1 utilized as therecurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequencesmay be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcrossconversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in atleast one or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses and the like. Molecularmarker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce thenumber of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. Forexample, see Openshaw, S. J. et al., Marker-assisted Selection inBackcross Breeding, In: Proceedings. Symposium of the Analysis ofMolecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis,Oreg., where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be madein as few as two backcrosses.

The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type oftrait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as vs.unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type ofinheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear) and the types of parents includedin the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the artthat for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, thebackcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (SeeHallauer et al. in Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, ThirdEd. 1998). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcrossconversion include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, sterility(nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, grain color (white),nutritional enhancements, drought resistance, enhanced nitrogenutilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, altered fattyacid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrialenhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal or viral), insectresistance, herbicide resistance and yield enhancements. In addition, anintrogression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site or other sitespecific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilizedfor direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specificplant variety. In some embodiments of the invention, the number of locithat may be backcrossed into PHAR1 is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and/orno more than 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. A single loci may contain severaltransgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the sameexpression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance.The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable markerand/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specificintegration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at theconverted loci. Further, SSI and FRT technologies known to those ofskill in the art in the art may result in introgressions at multipleloci.

The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of adominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containingthe trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a traitassociated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred viabackcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and arerelatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that istransferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starchcharacteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcrossgeneration to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles.Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successivebackcross generations to determine the presence of the locus ofinterest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give purebreeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcrossconversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained byfurther backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for theconverted trait.

Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected forthe phenotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additionalpolynucleotide sequences or genes may be transferred along with thebackcross conversion, the backcross conversion line “fits into the samehybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred line and contributesthe effect of the additional gene added through the backcross.” Poehlmanet al. (1995, page 334). It has been proposed that in general thereshould be at least four backcrosses when it is important that therecovered lines be essentially identical to the recurrent parent exceptfor the characteristic being transferred (Fehr 1987, Principles ofCultivar Development). However, as noted above, the number ofbackcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers.Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may alsoreduce the number of backcrosses necessary.

One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in maize inbredline PHAR1 comprises crossing PHAR1 plants grown from PHAR1 seed withplants of another maize line that comprise the desired trait or locus,selecting F1 progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus toproduce selected F1 progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plantswith the PHAR1 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting forbackcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and themorphological characteristics of maize inbred line PHAR1 to produceselected backcross progeny plants; and backcrossing to PHAR1 three ormore times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcrossprogeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified PHAR1 maybe further characterized as having the physiological and morphologicalcharacteristics of maize inbred line PHAR1 listed in Table 1 asdetermined at the 5% significance level when grown in the sameenvironmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percentsimilarity or identity to PHAR1 as determined by SSR markers. The abovemethod may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations,such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used inthe selection step. Desired traits that may be used include thosenucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, thatwill affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition.Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox and other sites forsite specific integration.

In addition, the above process and other similar processes describedherein may be used to produce F1 hybrid maize seed by adding a step atthe end of the process that comprises crossing PHAR1 with theintrogressed trait or locus with a different maize plant and harvestingthe resultant F1 hybrid maize seed.

Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production

Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollenproduced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivationof the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliablemethod of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunityfor improved seed production.

PHAR1 can be produced in a male-sterile form. There are several ways inwhich a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. Theseinclude use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), useof one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, includingcytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use ofgametocides and the like. A male sterile inbred designated PHAR1 mayinclude one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic geneticand/or nuclear genetic male sterility. All of such embodiments arewithin the scope of the present claims. The male sterility may be eitherpartial or complete male sterility.

Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility systemincorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of twomaize inbreds are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels areremoved from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there issufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears ofthe detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred(male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybridplants.

The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmicmale-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as aresult of genetic factors in the cytoplasm, as opposed to the nucleus,and so nuclear linked genes are not transferred during backcrossing.Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the femaleparent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to thefertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from anotherinbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may ormay not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, andeither option may be preferred depending on the intended use of thehybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertilemaize and a portion produced using the CMS system, can be blended toinsure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization whenthe hybrid plants are grown. CMS systems have been successfully usedsince the 1950's, and the male sterility trait is routinely backcrossedinto inbred lines. See Wych, p. 585-586, 1998.

There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterilityavailable, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations withinthe genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations asdescribed by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. Inaddition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068,describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifyinga gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native genewhich is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter fromthe essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an induciblepromoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into theplant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because theinducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene notbeing transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”,the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertilityto be transcribed.

These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in theart, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methodsuse a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a geneencoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specificpromoter or an antisense system in which a gene critical to fertility isidentified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (seeFabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCTapplication PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828).

Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides.Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical applicationof chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are critical to malefertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in theplants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied(see Carlson, Glenn R., U.S. Pat. No.: 4,936,904). Application of thegametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity oftenlimit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in allsituations.

Incomplete control over male fertility may result in self-pollinatedseed being unintentionally harvested and packaged with hybrid seed. Thiswould typically be only female parent seed, because the male plant isgrown in rows that are typically destroyed prior to seed development.Once the seed from the hybrid bag is planted, it is possible to identifyand select these self-pollinated plants. These self-pollinated plantswill be one of the inbred lines used to produce the hybrid. Though thepossibility of inbred PHAR1 being included in a hybrid seed bag exists,the occurrence is very low because much care is taken by seed companiesto avoid such inclusions. It is worth noting that hybrid seed is sold togrowers for the production of grain or forage and not for breeding orseed production. These self-pollinated plants can be identified andselected by one skilled in the art due to their less vigorous appearancefor vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics, including shorterplant height, small ear size, ear and kernel shape, cob color, or othercharacteristics.

Identification of these self-pollinated lines can also be accomplishedthrough molecular marker analyses. See, “The Identification of FemaleSelfs in Hybrid Maize: A Comparison Using Electrophoresis andMorphology”, Smith, J. S. C. and Wych, R. D., Seed Science andTechnology 14, 1-8 (1995), the disclosure of which is expresslyincorporated herein by reference. Through these technologies, thehomozygosity of the self pollinated line can be verified by analyzingallelic composition at various loci along the genome. Those methodsallow for rapid identification of the invention disclosed herein. Seealso, “Identification of Atypical Plants in Hybrid Maize Seed byPostcontrol and Electrophoresis” Sarca, V. et al., Probleme de GeneticaTeoritica si Aplicata Vol. 20 (1) p. 29-42.

An embodiment of this invention is a process for producing seed of PHAR1comprising planting a collection of seed comprising seed of a hybrid,one of whose parents is inbred PHAR1 said collection also comprisingseed of said inbred, growing plants from said collection of seed,identifying inbred parent plants, selecting said inbred parent plant;and controlling pollination to preserve the homozygosity of said inbredparent plant.

Transformation

The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed theisolation and characterization of genetic elements with specificfunctions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in thefield of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering thegenome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, oradditional, or modified versions of native or endogenous geneticelements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner.Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the samespecies, which are inserted into the genome using transformation arereferred to herein collectively as “transgenes”. In some embodiments ofthe invention, a transformed variant of PHAR1 may contain at least onetransgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2.Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods for producingtransgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention alsorelates to transformed versions of the claimed inbred maize line PHAR1as well as hybrid combinations thereof.

Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, includingbiological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, forexample, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA intoPlants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick,B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages67-88 and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Reviewand Future Perspective” (Maydica 44:101-109, 1999). In addition,expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissuetransformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, forexample, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods inPlant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J.E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 89-119.

The most prevalent types of plant transformation involve theconstruction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNAsequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linkedto a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may containone or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.

A genetic trait which has been engineered into the genome of aparticular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be movedinto the genome of another line using traditional breeding techniquesthat are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, abackcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from atransformed maize plant to an elite inbred line, and the resultingprogeny would then comprise the transgene(s). Also, if an inbred linewas used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could becrossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybridmaize plant.

Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome usingtransformation. These elements include, but are not limited to genes;coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specificpromoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. Forexample, see the traits, genes and transformation methods listed in U.S.Pat. No. 6,118,055. In addition, transformability of a line can beincreased by introgressing the trait of high transformability fromanother line known to have high transformability, such as Hi-II. SeeU.S. Patent Application Publication US2004/0016030 (2004).

With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreignprotein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques forthe selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are wellunderstood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants that areharvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can beextracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Proteinextraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods whichare discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem. 114: 92-6(1981).

A genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)analysis, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Single NucleotidePolymorphisms (SNP) that identifies the approximate chromosomal locationof the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in thisregard, see Glick and Thompson, Methods in Plant Molecular Biology andBiotechnology 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993).

Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotypingof Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome”, Science,280:1077-1082, 1998, and similar capabilities are becoming increasinglyavailable for the corn genome. Map information concerning chromosomallocation is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenicplant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made withother germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared tosimilar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a commonparentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involvehybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR and sequencing, all of which areconventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combinationwith other techniques.

Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be geneticallyengineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Throughthe transformation of maize the expression of genes can be altered toenhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance,agronomic, grain quality and other traits. Transformation can also beused to insert DNA sequences which control or help controlmale-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNAsequences can be transformed into maize and used to alter levels ofnative or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences,enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into themaize genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins.Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as genesilencing, or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects ofgenetic engineering in plants.

Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in theart, including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of atransposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook ch.118 (Springer-Verlag 1994) or other genetic elements such as a FRT, Loxor other site specific integration site, antisense technology (see,e.g., Sheehy et al. (1988) PNAS USA 85:8805-8809; and U.S. Pat. Nos.5,107,065; 5,453,566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor(1997) Plant Cell 9:1245; Jorgensen (1990) Trends Biotech.8(12):340-344; Flavell (1994) PNAS USA 91:3490-3496; Finnegan et al.(1994) Bio/Technology 12: 883-888; and Neuhuber et al. (1994) Mol. Gen.Genet. 244:230-241); RNA interference (Napoli et al. (1990) Plant Cell2:279-289; U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp (1999) Genes Dev. 13:139-141;Zamore et al. (2000) Cell 101:25-33; and Montgomery et al. (1998) PNASUSA 95:15502-15507), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al. (2000)Plant Cell 12:691-705; and Baulcombe (1999) Curr. Op. Plant Bio.2:109-113); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al. (1988) Nature334: 585-591); hairpin structures (Smith et al. (2000) Nature407:319-320; WO 99/53050; and WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai(2003) Plant Cell 15:2730-2741); ribozymes (Steinecke et al. (1992) EMBOJ. 11:1525; and Perriman et al. (1993) Antisense Res. Dev. 3:253);oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 andWO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO03/048345; and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of theabove methods known to those of skill in the art.

Exemplary nucleotide sequences that may be altered by geneticengineering include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.

1. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Insects or Disease and thatEncode:

(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activatedby specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene(R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr)gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with clonedresistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specificpathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science 266: 789 (1994)(cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum);Martin et al., Science 262: 1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistanceto Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinoset al., Cell 78: 1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae); McDowell & Woffenden, (2003) Trends Biotechnol.21(4): 178-83 and Toyoda et al., (2002) Transgenic Res. 11(6):567-82. Aplant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogenas compared to the wild type plant.

(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or asynthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al.,Gene 48: 109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence ofa Bt delta-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encodingdelta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type CultureCollection (Rockville, Md.), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos.40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other examples of Bacillus thuringiensistransgenes being genetically engineered are given in the followingpatents and patent applications and hereby are incorporated by referencefor this purpose: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; WO91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162 and U.S.application Ser. Nos. 10/032,717; 10/414,637; and 10/606,320.

(C) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid andjuvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or anantagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure byHammock et al., Nature 344: 458 (1990), of baculovirus expression ofcloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.

(D) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts thephysiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures ofRegan, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNAcoding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt et al., Biochem.Biophys. Res. Comm. 163: 1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al. (2004) Critical Reviews inMicrobiology 30 (1): 33-54 2004; Zjawiony (2004) J Nat Prod 67 (2):300-310; Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa (2002) Toxicon, 40 (11): 1515-1539;Ussuf et al. (2001) Curr Sci. 80 (7): 847-853; and Vasconcelos &Oliveira (2004) Toxicon 44 (4): 385-403. See also U.S. Pat. No.5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encodinginsect-specific toxins.

(E) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monterpene, asesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivativeor another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.

(F) An enzyme involved in the modification, including thepost-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; forexample, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme,a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, aphosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, achitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCTapplication WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses thenucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which containchitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCCunder Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also Kramer et al., InsectBiochem. Molec. Biol. 23: 691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequenceof a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al.,Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequenceof the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene, U.S. application Ser. Nos.10/389,432, 10/692,367, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,020.

(G) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see thedisclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 757 (1994), ofnucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess etal., Plant Physiol. 104: 1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotidesequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.

(H) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 andU.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852 (disclosure of peptide derivatives ofTachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914) (teaches synthetic antimicrobialpeptides that confer disease resistance).

(I) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. Forexample, see the disclosure by Jaynes et al., Plant Sci. 89: 43 (1993),of heterologous expression of a cecropin-beta lytic peptide analog torender transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum.

(J) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. Forexample, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plantcells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease developmenteffected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, aswell as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.28: 451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upontransformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus,tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etchvirus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.

(K) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom.Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in theinsect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. Cf.Taylor et al., Abstract #497, SEVENTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULARPLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1994) (enzymaticinactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chainantibody fragments).

(L) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.,Nature 366: 469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressingrecombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.

(M) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogenor a parasite. Thus, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonasesfacilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release bysolubilizing plant cell wall homo-alpha-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb etal., Bio/Technology 10: 1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization ofa gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein isdescribed by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2: 367 (1992).

(N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. Forexample, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10: 305 (1992), have shown thattransgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene havean increased resistance to fungal disease.

(O) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Responseand/or the pathogenesis related genes. Briggs, S., Current Biology,5(2):128-131 (1995), Pieterse & Van Loon (2004) Curr. Opin. Plant Bio.7(4):456-64 and Somssich (2003) Cell 113(7):815-6.

(P) Antifungal genes (Cornelissen and Melchers, Pl. Physiol.101:709-712, (1993) and Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264, (1991) andBushnell et al., Can. J. of Plant Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998). Also seeU.S. application Ser. No. 09/950,933.

(Q) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin,moniliformin and zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives.For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931.

(R) Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/947,979.

(S) Defensin genes. See WO03000863 and U.S. application Ser. No.10/178,213.

(T) Genes conferring resistance to nematodes. See WO 03/033651 and Urwinet. al., Planta 204:472-479 (1998), Williamson (1999) Curr Opin PlantBio. 2(4):327-31.

2. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to a Herbicide, for Example:

(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as animidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category codefor mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J. 7: 1241 (1988), and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 80: 449(1990), respectively. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659;5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107;5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and international publication WO 96/33270,which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.

(B) Glyphosate (resistance imparted by mutant5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes,respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate(phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyceshygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), andpyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones (ACCaseinhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 toShah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPSwhich can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barryet al. also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425;5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835;5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061;5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; andinternational publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 andEP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a genethat encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fullyin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated hereinby reference for this purpose. In addition glyphosate resistance can beimparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosateN-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. application Ser. Nos.US01/46227; Ser. Nos. 10/427,692 and 10/427,692. A DNA molecule encodinga mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256, andthe nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumadaet al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al. disclose nucleotidesequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance toherbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of aphosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European PatentNo. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236 to Leemans et al. De Greef et al.,Bio/Technology 7: 61 (1989), describe the production of transgenicplants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricinacetyl transferase activity. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213;5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477;5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903, which are incorporated herein byreference for this purpose. Exemplary genes conferring resistance tophenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim andhaloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described byMarshall et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:435 (1992).

(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbAand gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al.,Plant Cell 3: 169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences fornitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, andDNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC AccessionNos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for aglutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al., Biochem. J.285:173 (1992).

(D) Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants thatexpress this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has beenintroduced into a variety of plants (see, e.g., Hattori et al. (1995)Mol Gen Genet. 246:419). Other genes that confer resistance toherbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochromeP4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al.(1994) Plant Physiol. 106:17), genes for glutathione reductase andsuperoxide dismutase (Aono et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol 36:1687, andgenes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al. (1992) Plant MolBiol 20:619).

(E) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the productionof chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protoxenzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. Theseherbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plantspresent, causing their total destruction. The development of plantscontaining altered protox activity which are resistant to theseherbicides are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1;and 5,767,373; and international publication WO 01/12825.

3. Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to an Altered GrainCharacteristic, Such As:

(A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by

-   -   (1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase        stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et al., Proc.        Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2624 (1992) and WO99/64579 (Genes for        Desaturases to Alter Lipid Profiles in Corn),    -   (2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or        decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (see U.S.        Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245),    -   (3) Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such        as in WO 01/12800,    -   (4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, various Ipa genes        such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424,        WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,886, U.S. Pat.        No. 6,197,561, U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,397, US2003/0079247,        US2003/0204870, WO02/057439, WO03/011015 and Rivera-Madrid, R.        et. al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:5620-5624 (1995).

(B) Altered phosphorus content, for example, by the

-   -   (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance        breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the        transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al.,        Gene 127: 87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence        of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene.    -   (2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content. In        maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and        then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the        alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants        characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in Raboy et        al., Maydica 35: 383 (1990) and/or by altering inositol kinase        activity as in WO 02/059324, US2003/0009011, WO 03/027243,        US2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,561, U.S. Pat.        No. 6,291,224, U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,348, WO2002/059324,        US2003/0079247, Wo98/45448, WO99/55882, WO01/04147.

(C) Altered carbohydrates effected, for example, by altering a gene foran enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch or a genealtering thioredoxin (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648). See Shiroza et al.,J. Bacteriol. 170: 810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcusmutans fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.200: 220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrasegene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10: 292 (1992) (production oftransgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase),Elliot et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 515 (1993) (nucleotide sequencesof tomato invertase genes), Søgaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22480(1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase gene), andFisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102: 1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starchbranching enzyme II), WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starchextraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1and 2, Ref1, HCHL, C4H), U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producinghigh oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acidmodification genes mentioned above may also be used to affect starchcontent and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starchand oil pathways.

(D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration oftocopherol or tocotrienols. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,683,US2004/0034886 and WO 00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidantlevels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt), WO03/082899 through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyltransferase (hggt).

(E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see U.S. Pat. No.6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids inseeds), U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasingaccumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389(high lysine), WO99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions inseeds), WO99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content ofproteins), U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acidcompositions in seeds), WO98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels ofessential amino acids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), U.S.Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plantamino acid biosynthetic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increasedlysine and threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophansynthase beta subunit), U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolicenzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414(increased methionine), WO98/56935 (plant amino acid biosyntheticenzymes), WO98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentageof essential amino acids), WO98/42831 (increased lysine), U.S. Pat. No.5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), U.S. Pat. No.5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containingprogrammable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of thenutritional value of plants), WO96/01905 (increased threonine),WO95/15392 (increased lysine), US2003/0163838, US2003/0150014,US2004/0068767, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,498, WO01/79516, and WO00/09706 (CesA: cellulose synthase), U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose), U.S.Pat. No. 6,399,859 and US2004/0025203 (UDPGdH), U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638(RGP).

4. Genes that Control Male-sterility

There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterilityavailable, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations withinthe genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations asdescribed by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. Inaddition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068,describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifyinga gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native genewhich is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter fromthe essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an induciblepromoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into theplant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because theinducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene notbeing transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”,the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertilityto be transcribed.

(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of atapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemicalN—Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).

(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO92/13957).

(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene (Paul et al. PlantMol. Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).

For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems andgenes, see also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,341; U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,426; U.S.Pat. No. 5,478,369; U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,524; U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,014;and U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,640; all of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. Thisincludes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRTsystem and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. Forexample, see Lyznik, et al., Site-Specific Recombination for GeneticEngineering in Plants, Plant Cell Rep (2003) 21:925-932 and WO 99/25821,which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other systems that may beused include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu (Maeser et al., 1991; VickiChandler, The Maize Handbook ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994), the Pinrecombinase of E. coli (Enomoto et al., 1983), and the R/RS system ofthe pSR1 plasmid (Araki et al., 1992).6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but notlimited to flowering, ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogenutilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, droughtresistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and saltresistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example,see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered throughalteration of malate; U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,009, U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,705,U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,305, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,859, U.S. Pat. No.6,417,428, U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,446, U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,866, U.S. Pat.No. 6,717,034, U.S. Pat. No. 6,801,104, WO2000060089, WO2001026459,WO2001035725, WO2001034726, WO2001035727, WO2001036444, WO2001036597,WO2001036598, WO2002015675, WO2002017430, WO2002077185, WO2002079403,WO2003013227, WO2003013228, WO2003014327, WO2004031349, WO2004076638,WO9809521, and WO9938977 describing genes, including CBF genes andtranscription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects offreezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferringother positive effects on plant phenotype; US2004/0148654 and WO01/36596where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plantphenotype such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abioticstress; WO2000/006341, WO04/090143, U.S. application Ser. Nos.10/817,483 and 09/545,334 where cytokinin expression is modifiedresulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as droughttolerance, and/or increased yield. Also see WO0202776, WO2003052063,JP2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO0164898, U.S. Pat. No.6,177,275, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogenutilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylenealteration, see US20040128719, US20030166197 and WO200032761. For planttranscription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress,see e.g. US20040098764 or US20040078852.

Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth andagronomic traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plantstructure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants, see e.g.WO97/49811 (LHY), WO98/56918 (ESD4), WO97/10339 and U.S. Pat. No.6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,663 (FT), WO96/14414 (CON),WO96/38560, WO01/21822 (VRN1), WO00/44918 (VRN2), WO99/49064 (GI),WO00/46358 (FRI), WO97/29123, U.S. Pat. No. 6,794,560, U.S. Pat. No.6,307,126 (GAI), WO99/09174 (D8 and Rht), and WO2004076638 andWO2004031349 (transcription factors).

Using PHAR1 to Develop Other Maize Inbreds

Inbred maize lines such as PHAR1 are typically developed for use in theproduction of hybrid maize lines. However, inbred lines such as PHAR1also provide a source of breeding material that may be used to developnew maize inbred lines. Plant breeding techniques known in the art andused in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to,recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, mass selection,backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restrictionfragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhancedselection, making double haploids, and transformation. Oftencombinations of these techniques are used. The development of maizehybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, thedevelopment of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, andthe evaluation of the crosses. There are many analytical methodsavailable to evaluate the result of a cross. The oldest and mosttraditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traitsbut genotypic analysis may also be used.

Using PHAR1 in a Breeding Program

This invention is directed to methods for producing a maize plant bycrossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plantwherein either the first or second parent maize plant is an inbred maizeplant of the line PHAR1. The other parent may be any other maize plant,such as another inbred line or a plant that is part of a synthetic ornatural population. Any such methods using the inbred maize line PHAR1are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, massselection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crossesto populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the artand some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below.Descriptions of breeding methods can also be found in one of severalreference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding, 1960;Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement, 1979; Fehr, “Breeding Methodsfor Cultivar Development”, Production and Uses, 2^(nd) ed., Wilcoxeditor, 1987).

Pedigree Breeding

Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such asPHAR1 and one other elite inbred line having one or more desirablecharacteristics that is lacking or which complements PHAR1. If the twooriginal parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, othersources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigreemethod, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filialgenerations. In the succeeding filial generations the heterozygouscondition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollinationand selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five ormore successive filial generations of selfing and selection ispracticed: F1→F2; F2→F3; F3→F4; F4→F5, etc. After a sufficient amount ofinbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed ofthe developed inbred. Preferably, the inbred line comprises homozygousalleles at about 95% or more of its loci.

In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossingcan also be used in combination with pedigree breeding to modify PHAR1and a hybrid that is made using the modified PHAR1. As discussedpreviously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or morespecifically desirable traits from one line, the donor parent, to aninbred called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomiccharacteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, thesame procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype ofthe recurrent parent but at the same time retain many components of thenon-recurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage andproceeding with selfing and selection. For example, an F1, such as acommercial hybrid, is created. This commercial hybrid may be backcrossedto one of its parent lines to create a BC1 or BC2. Progeny are selfedand selected so that the newly developed inbred has many of theattributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desiredattributes of the non-recurrent parent. This approach leverages thevalue and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new hybrids andbreeding.

Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a method of making abackcross conversion of maize inbred line PHAR1, comprising the steps ofcrossing a plant of maize inbred line PHAR1 with a donor plantcomprising a mutant gene or transgene conferring a desired trait,selecting an F1 progeny plant comprising the mutant gene or transgeneconferring the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1 progenyplant to a plant of maize inbred line PHAR1. This method may furthercomprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of maizeinbred line PHAR1 and using the molecular marker profile to select for aprogeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile ofPHAR1. In the same manner, this method may be used to produce an F1hybrid seed by adding a final step of crossing the desired traitconversion of maize inbred line PHAR1 with a different maize plant tomake F1 hybrid maize seed comprising a mutant gene or transgeneconferring the desired trait.

Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection

Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program toimprove a population of plants. PHAR1 is suitable for use in a recurrentselection program. The method entails individual plants crosspollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown andthe superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, whichinclude individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfedprogeny and topcrossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated witheach other to form progeny for another population. This population isplanted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate witheach other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore canbe repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrentselection is to improve the traits of a population. The improvedpopulation can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtaininbred lines to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a syntheticcultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by theintercrossing of several selected inbreds.

Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction withmolecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds fromindividuals are selected based on phenotype and/or genotype. Theseselected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation.Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot,allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk andthen using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the nextgeneration. Instead of self pollination, directed pollination could beused as part of the breeding program.

Mutation Breeding

Mutation breeding is one of many methods that could be used to introducenew traits into PHAR1. Mutations that occur spontaneously or areartificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plantbreeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate ofmutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increasedby many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage,tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g.cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission byuranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted fromradioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultravioletradiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (suchas base analogues (5-bromo-uracil), related compounds (8-ethoxycaffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfurmustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates,sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, oracridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis thetrait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditionalbreeding techniques, such as backcrossing. Details of mutation breedingcan be found in “Principles of Cultivar Development” Fehr, 1993Macmillan Publishing Company. In addition, mutations created in otherlines may be used to produce a backcross conversion of PHAR1 thatcomprises such mutation.

Breeding with Molecular Markers

Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use oftechniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment LengthPolymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs),Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA AmplificationFingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs),Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats(SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plantbreeding methods utilizing PHAR1.

Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs as discussed in Lee, M., “Inbred Linesof Maize and Their Molecular Markers,” The Maize Handbook,(Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. 1994, at 423-432), have been widelyused to determine genetic composition. Isozyme Electrophoresis has arelatively low number of available markers and a low number of allelicvariants among maize inbreds. RFLPs allow more discrimination becausethey have a higher degree of allelic variation in maize and a largernumber of markers can be found. Both of these methods have been eclipsedby SSRs as discussed in Smith et al., “An evaluation of the utility ofSSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L.): comparisons withdata from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997)vol. 95 at 163-173 and by Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of geneticsimilarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, andAFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255incorporated herein by reference. SSR technology is more efficient andpractical to use than RFLPs; more marker loci can be routinely used andmore alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison toRFLPs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify theunique genetic composition of the invention and progeny lines retainingthat unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques maybe used in combination to enhance overall resolution.

Maize DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructedand widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is describedin Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds forRFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90, isincorporated herein by reference.

One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping.QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linkedto alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait.Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation ofmarkers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the eliminationof the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant'sgenome.

Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for theselection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked toalleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles ofinterest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles ofinterest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also beused to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against thegenome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amountof genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. Itcan also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrentparent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers inthe selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection.

Production of Double Haploids

The production of double haploids can also be used for the developmentof inbreds in the breeding program. For example, an F1 hybrid for whichPHAR1 is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Doublehaploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) froma heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. Forexample, see Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid PlantsThrough Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus”,Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77:889-892, 1989 and US2003/0005479.This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations ofselfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source.

Thus, an embodiment of this invention is a process for making asubstantially homozygous PHAR1 progeny plant by producing or obtaining aseed from the cross of PHAR1 and another maize plant and applying doublehaploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filialgeneration. Such methods decrease the number of generations required toproduce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to PHAR1. SeeBernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L., Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992, 2001.

In particular, a process of making seed retaining the molecular markerprofile of maize inbred line PHAR1 is contemplated, such processcomprising obtaining or producing F1 hybrid seed for which maize inbredline PHAR1 is a parent, inducing doubled haploids to create progenywithout the occurrence of meiotic segregation, obtaining the molecularmarker profile of maize inbred line PHAR1, and selecting progeny thatretain the molecular marker profile of PHAR1.

Use of PHAR1 in Tissue Culture

This invention is also directed to the use of PHAR1 in tissue culture.As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts,plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plantclumps, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed”or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells fromseed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods.

Duncan, Williams, Zehr, and Widholm, Planta (1985) 165:322-332 reflectsthat 97% of the plants cultured that produced callus were capable ofplant regeneration. Subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybridsproduced 91% regenerable callus that produced plants. In a further studyin 1988, Songstad, Duncan & Widholm in Plant Cell Reports (1988),7:262-265 reports several media additions that enhance regenerability ofcallus of two inbred lines. Other published reports also indicated that“nontraditional” tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesisand plant regeneration. K. P. Rao, et al., Maize Genetics CooperationNewsletter, 60:64-65 (1986), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glumecallus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347(1987) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maizeleaf segments. Thus, it is clear from the literature that the state ofthe art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are, and were,“conventional” in the sense that they are routinely used and have a veryhigh rate of success.

Tissue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture, is describedin U.S. 2002/0062506A1 and European Patent Application, publicationEP0160,390, each of which are incorporated herein by reference for thispurpose. Maize tissue culture procedures are also described in Green andRhodes, “Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize,” Maize forBiological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association,Charlottesville, Va. 1982, at 367-372) and in Duncan, et al., “TheProduction of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryosof Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes,” 165 Planta 322-332 (1985). Thus,another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growthand differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/orphysiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PHAR1.

Progeny Plants

All plants produced by the use of the methods described herein and thatretain the unique genetic or trait combinations of PHAR1 are within thescope of the invention. Progeny of the breeding methods described hereinmay be characterized in any number of ways, such as by traits retainedin the progeny, pedigree and/or molecular markers. Combinations of thesemethods of characterization may be used.

Breeder's of ordinary skill in the art have developed the concept of an“essentially derived variety”, which is defined in 7 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(3)of the Plant Variety Protection Act and is hereby incorporated byreference. Varieties and plants that are essentially derived from PHAR1are within the scope of the invention.

Pedigree is a method used by breeders of ordinary skill in the art todescribe the varieties. Varieties that are more closely related bypedigree are likely to share common genotypes and combinations ofphenotypic characteristics. All breeders of ordinary skill in the artmaintain pedigree records of their breeding programs. These pedigreerecords contain a detailed description of the breeding process,including a listing of all parental lines used in the breeding processand information on how such line was used. One embodiment of thisinvention is progeny plants and parts thereof with at least one ancestorthat is PHAR1, and more specifically, where the pedigree of the progenyincludes 1, 2, 3, 4, and/or 5 or less breeding crosses to a maize plantother than PHAR1 or a plant that has PHAR1 as a parent or otherprogenitor. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art would know if PHAR1were used in the development of a progeny line, and would also know howmany crosses to a line other than PHAR1 or line with PHAR1 as a parentor other progenitor were made in the development of any progeny line.

Molecular markers also provide a means by which those of ordinary skillin the art characterize the similarity or differences of two lines.Using the breeding methods described herein, one can develop individualplants, plant cells, and populations of plants that retain at least 25%,30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%,68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%,82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PHAR1,as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. On average50% of the starting germplasm would be expected to be passed to theprogeny line after one cross to another line, 25% after another cross toa different line, and so on. With backcrossing, the expectedcontribution of PHAR1 after 2, 3, 4 and 5 doses (or 1, 2, 3 and 4backcrosses) would be 75%, 87.5%, 93.75% and 96.875% respectively.Actual genetic contribution may be much higher than the geneticcontribution expected by pedigree, especially if molecular markers areused in selection. Molecular markers could also be used to confirmand/or determine the pedigree of the progeny line.

Traits are also used by those of ordinary skill in the art tocharacterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significancelevel, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured inplants grown in the same environmental conditions. For example, abackcross conversion of PHAR1 may be characterized as having the samemorphological and physiological traits as PHAR1. The traits used forcomparison may be those traits shown in Table 1, Table 3, Table 4 orTable 5.

A breeder will commonly work to combine a specific trait of anundeveloped variety of the species, such as a high level of resistanceto a particular disease, with one or more of the elite agronomiccharacteristics (yield, maturity, plant size, lodging resistance, etc.)needed for use as a commercial variety. This combination, oncedeveloped, provides a valuable source of new germplasm for furtherbreeding. For example, it may take 10-15 years and significant effort toproduce such a combination, yet progeny may be developed that retainthis combination in as little as 2-5 years and with much less effort.

Specific Embodiments

Specific methods and products produced using inbred line PHAR1 in plantbreeding are discussed in the following sections. The methods outlinedare described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposesof clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced within the scope of theinvention.

One method for producing a line derived from inbred line PHAR1 is asfollows. One of ordinary skill in the art would produce or obtain a seedfrom the cross between inbred line PHAR1 and another variety of maize,such as an elite inbred variety. The F1 seed derived from this crosswould be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed wouldcontain essentially all of the alleles from variety PHAR1 andessentially all of the alleles from the other maize variety. The F1nuclear genome would be made-up of 50% variety PHAR1 and 50% of theother elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown and allowed to self,thereby forming F2 seed. On average the F2 seed would have derived 50%of its alleles from variety PHAR1 and 50% from the other maize variety,but many individual plants from the population would have a greaterpercentage of their alleles derived from PHAR1 (Wang J. and R. Bernardo,2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bernardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001,Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992). The molecular markers of PHAR1 couldbe used to select and retain those lines with high similarity to PHAR1.The F2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made basedon visual observation, markers and/or measurement of traits. The traitsused for selection may be any PHAR1 trait described in thisspecification, including the inbred per se maize PHAR1 traits describedherein under the detailed description of inbred PHAR1. Such traits mayalso be the good general or specific combining ability of PHAR1,including its ability to produce hybrids with the approximate maturityand/or hybrid combination traits described herein under the detaileddescription of inbred PHAR1. The PHAR1 progeny plants that exhibit oneor more of the desired PHAR1 traits, such as those listed herein, wouldbe selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seedfrom each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self.Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvestedindividually. The selections would again be based on visual observation,markers and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such asone or more of the desirable PHAR1 traits listed herein. The process ofgrowing and selection would be repeated any number of times until aPHAR1 progeny inbred plant is obtained. The PHAR1 progeny inbred plantwould contain desirable traits derived from inbred plant PHAR1, some ofwhich may not have been expressed by the other maize variety to whichinbred line PHAR1 was crossed and some of which may have been expressedby both maize varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greaterthan the level expressed in inbred variety PHAR1. However, in each casethe resulting progeny line would benefit from the efforts of theinventor(s), and would not have existed but for the inventor(s) work increating PHAR1. The PHAR1 progeny inbred plants would have, on average,50% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PHAR1, but manyindividual plants from the population would have a greater percentage oftheir alleles derived from PHAR1. This breeding cycle, of crossing andselfing, and optional selection, may be repeated to produce anotherpopulation of PHAR1 progeny maize plants with, on average, 25% of theirnuclear genes derived from inbred line PHAR1, but, again, manyindividual plants from the population would have a greater percentage oftheir alleles derived from PHAR1. This process can be repeated for athird, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh or more breeding cycles. Anotherembodiment of the invention is a PHAR1 progeny plant that has receivedthe desirable PHAR1 traits listed herein through the use of PHAR1, whichtraits were not exhibited by other plants used in the breeding process.

Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a PHAR1 progeny maizeplant, wherein at least one ancestor of said PHAR1 progeny maize plantis the maize plant or plant part of PHAR1, and wherein the pedigree ofsaid PHAR1 progeny maize plant is within two breeding crosses of PHAR1or a plant that has PHAR1 as a parent. The progeny plants, parts andplant cells produced from PHAR1 may be further characterized as having apercent marker similarity or identity with PHAR1 as described herein.

The previous example can be modified in numerous ways, for instanceselection may or may not occur at every selfing generation, selectionmay occur before or after the actual self-pollination process occurs, orindividual selections may be made by harvesting individual ears, plants,rows or plots at any point during the breeding process described. Doublehaploid breeding methods may be used at any step in the process. Insteadof selfing out of the hybrid produced from the inbred, one could firstcross the hybrid to either a parent line or a different inbred, and thenself out of that cross.

The population of plants produced at each and any cycle of breeding isalso an embodiment of the invention, and on average each such populationwould predictably consist of plants containing approximately 50% of itsgenes from inbred line PHAR1 in the first breeding cycle, 25% of itsgenes from inbred line PHAR1 in the second breeding cycle, 12.5% of itsgenes from inbred line PHAR1 in the third breeding cycle, 6.25% in thefourth breeding cycle, 3.125% in the fifth breeding cycle, and so on.However, in each case the use of PHAR1 provides a substantial benefit.The linkage groups of PHAR1 would be retained in the progeny lines, andsince current estimates of the maize genome size is about 50,000-80,000genes (Xiaowu, Gai et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 1,94-96), in addition to non-coding DNA that impacts gene expression, itprovides a significant advantage to use PHAR1 as starting material toproduce a line that retains desired genetics or traits of PHAR1.

Therefore, an embodiment of the invention is a process for making apopulation of PHAR1 progeny inbred maize plants comprising obtaining orproducing a first generation progeny maize seed comprising the plant ofPHAR1 as a parent, growing said first generation progeny maize seed toproduce first generation maize plants and obtaining self or sibpollinated seed from said first generation maize plants, and growing theself or sib pollinated seed to obtain a population of PHAR1 progenyinbred maize plants.

The population of PHAR1 progeny inbred maize plants produced by thismethod are also embodiments of the invention, and such population as awhole will retain the expected genetic contribution of PHAR1. An inbredline selected from the population of PHAR1 progeny inbred maize plantsproduced by this method is an embodiment, and such line may be furthercharacterized by its molecular marker identity or similarity to PHAR1.

In this manner, the invention also encompasses a process for making aPHAR1 inbred progeny maize plant comprising the steps of obtaining orproducing a first generation progeny maize seed wherein a parent of saidfirst generation progeny maize seed is a PHAR1 plant, growing said firstgeneration progeny maize seed to produce a first generation maize plantand obtaining self or sib pollinated seed from said first generationmaize plant, and producing successive filial generations to obtain aPHAR1 inbred progeny maize plant. Also an embodiment of this inventionis the first breeding cycle inbred PHAR1 maize plant produced by thismethod.

Crosses to Other Species

The utility of inbred maize line PHAR1 also extends to crosses withother species. Commonly, suitable species will be of the familyGraminaceae, and especially of the genera Zea, Tripsacum, Coix,Schlerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne, and Trilobachne, of the tribeMaydeae. Potentially suitable for crosses with PHAR1 may be the variousvarieties of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Maize is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material inindustry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption ofmaize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries.The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour.The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups,and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, whichis a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.

Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is alsoused extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairycattle, hogs, and poultry.

Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch inthe wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry.The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based onfunctional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesiveproperties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flourhave application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrialuses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundrybinders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other miningapplications.

Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: forexample, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs areused for fuel and to make charcoal.

The seed of inbred maize line PHAR1, the plant produced from the inbredseed, the hybrid maize plant produced from the crossing of the inbred,hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid maize plant and transgenicversions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestockfeed, and as a raw material in industry.

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Applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Inbred Maize LinePHAR1 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va.20110 USA, ATCC Deposit No. PTA-7058. The seeds deposited with the ATCCon Sep. 22, 2005 were taken from the deposit maintained by PioneerHi-Bred International, Inc., 7100 NW 62^(nd) Avenue, Johnston, Iowa,50131 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to thisdeposit will be available during the pendency of the application to theCommissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by theCommissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon allowance of anyclaims in the application, the Applicant will make the deposit availableto the public pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.808. This deposit of the InbredMaize Line PHAR1 will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is apublic depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the mostrecent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever islonger, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period.Additionally, Applicant has or will satisfy all of the requirements of37 C.F.R. §§1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of theviability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority towaive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biologicalmaterial or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive anyinfringement of rights granted under this patent or under the PlantVariety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). U.S. Plant VarietyProtection of Inbred Maize Line PHAR1 has been applied for. Unauthorizedseed multiplication is prohibited.

TABLE 1 VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION PHAR1 AVG STDEV N 1. TYPE:(Describe intermediate types in comments section) 1 = Sweet, 2 = Dent, 3= Flint, 4 = Flour, 5 = Pop and 3 6 = Ornamental. Comments: Flint-Dent2. MATURITY: DAYS HEAT UNITS Days H. Units Emergence to 50% of plants insilk 65 1,396 Emergence to 50% of plants in pollen shed 65 1,395 10% to90% pollen shed 2 52 50% Silk to harvest at 25% moisture 3. PLANT: PlantHeight (to tassel tip) (cm) 229.4 15.46 30 Ear Height (to base of topear node) (cm) 82.2 8.62 30 Length of Top Ear Internode (cm) 15.5 2.3030 Average Number of Tillers per Plant 0.0 0.01 6 Average Number of Earsper Stalk 1.0 0.05 6 Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 1 = Absent, 2 = Faint,4 3 = Moderate, 4 = Dark 4. LEAF: Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm) 10.0 0.9830 Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm) 82.6 3.87 30 Number of Leaves above TopEar 6.6 0.67 30 Leaf Angle: (at anthesis, 2nd leaf above ear to 24.05.92 30 stalk above leaf) (Degrees) *Leaf Color: V. Dark Green Munsell:5GY34 Leaf Sheath Pubescence: 1 = none to 9 = like peach fuzz 5 5.TASSEL: Number of Primary Lateral Branches 4.3 1.53 30 Branch Angle fromCentral Spike 39.8 19.41 30 Tassel Length: (from peduncle node to tasseltip), (cm). 55.1 4.16 30 Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile, 9 = heavy shed 5*Anther Color: Pale Yellow Munsell: 5Y76 *Glume Color: Med. GreenMunsell: 5GY56 *Bar Glumes (glume bands): 1 = absent, 2 = present 1Peduncle Length: (from top leaf node to lower florets or 18.6 3.02 30branches), (cm). 6a. EAR (Unhusked ear) *Silk color: Light GreenMunsell: 10Y76 (3 days after silk emergence) *Fresh husk color: Med.Green Munsell: 5GY68 *Dry husk color: Buff Munsell: 2.5Y8.54 (65 daysafter 50% silking) Ear position at dry husk stage: 1 = upright, 2 =horizontal, 2 3 = pendant Husk Tightness: (1 = very loose, 9 = verytight) 5 Husk Extension (at harvest): 1 = short(ears exposed), 2 2 =medium (<8 cm), 3 = long (8-10 cm), 4 = v. long (>10 cm) 6b. EAR (Huskedear data) Ear Length (cm): 14.2 1.01 30 Ear Diameter at mid-point (mm)43.1 1.95 30 Ear Weight (gm): 119.1 23.20 30 Number of Kernel Rows: 15.51.01 30 Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct, 2 = distinct 2 Row Alignment: 1 =straight, 2 = slightly curved, 3 = spiral 2 Shank Length (cm): 7.1 1.4530 Ear Taper: 1 = slight cylind., 2 = average, 3 = extreme 1 7. KERNEL(Dried): Kernel Length (mm): 10.4 1.10 30 Kernel Width (mm): 7.7 0.83 30Kernel Thickness (mm): 5.6 0.86 30 Round Kernels (shape grade) (%) 68.511.52 6 Aleurone Color Pattern: 1 = homozygous, 2 = segregating 1*Aleurone Color: Yellow Munsell: 10YR814 *Hard Endo. Color: YellowMunsell: 10YR612 Endosperm Type: 3 1 = sweet (su1), 2 = extra sweet(sh2), 3 = normal starch, 4 = high amylose starch, 5 = waxy starch, 6 =high protein, 7 = high lysine, 8 = super sweet (se), 9 = high oil, 10 =other Weight per 100 Kernels (unsized sample) (gm): 29.8 6.24 6 8. COB:*Cob Diameter at mid-point (mm): 25.3 0.98 30 *Cob Color: Pink OrangeMunsell: 2.5YR48 10. DISEASE RESISTANCE: (Rate from 1 = most-susceptableto 9 = most-resistant. Leave blank if not tested, leave race or strainoptions blank if polygenic.) A. LEAF BLIGHTS, WILTS, AND LOCAL INFECTIONDISEASES Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Colletotrichum graminicola) CommonRust (Puccinia sorghi) Common Smut (Ustilago maydis) 0 Eyespot(Kabatiella zeae) 0 Goss's Wilt (Clavibacter michiganense spp. 0 GrayLeaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Bipolariszeicola) Race: 0 Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum) Race: 0Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis) Race: 0 Southern Rust (Pucciniapolysora) 0 Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii) Other (Specify):          B. SYSTEMIC DISEASES 0 Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV and MDMV) 0Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus (MDV)Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) 0 Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV)Sorghum Downy Mildew of Corn (Peronosclerospora sorghi) Other (Specify):          C. STALK ROTS 0 Anthracnose Stalk Rot (Colletotrichumgraminicola) Diplodia Stalk Rot (Stenocarpella maydis) Fusarium StalkRot (Fusarium moniliforme) Gibberella Stalk Rot (Gibberella zeae) Other(Specify):           D. EAR AND KERNEL ROTS Aspergillus Ear and KernelRot (Aspergillus flavus) 0 Diplodia Ear Rot (Stenocarpella maydis) 0Fusarium Ear and Kernel Rot (Fusarium moniliforme) 0 Gibberella Ear Rot(Gibberella zeae) Other (Specify):           11. INSECT RESISTANCE:(Rate from 1 = most-suscept. to 9 = most-resist., leave blank if nottested.) Corn Worm (Helicoverpa zea)     Leaf Feeding     Silk Feeding    Ear Damage Corn Leaf Aphid (Rophalosiphum maydis) nebraskense) CornSap Beetle (Capophilus dimidiatus) European Corn Borer (Ostrinianubilalis) 0 1st. Generation (Typically whorl leaf feeding) 0 2nd.Generation (Typically leaf sheath-collar feeding)     Stalk Tunneling    cm tunneled/plant Fall armyworm (Spodoptera fruqiperda)     LeafFeeding     Silk Feeding     mg larval wt. Maize Weevil (Sitophiluszeamaize) Northern Rootworm (Diabrotica barberi) Southern Rootworm(Diabrotica undecimpunctata) Southwestern Corn Borer (Diatreaeagrandiosella)     Leaf Feeding     Stalk Tunneling     cm tunneled/plantTwo-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus utricae) Western Rootworm(Diabrotica virgifrea virgifrea) Other (Specify):           12.AGRONOMIC TRAITS: 0 Staygreen (at 65 days after anthesis; rate from1-worst to 9-excellent) 0 % Dropped Ears (at 65 days after anthesis) %Pre-anthesis Brittle Snapping % Pre-anthesis Root Lodging 0 %Post-anthesis Root Lodging (at 65 days after anthesis) % Post-anthesisStalk Lodging 0.0 Kg/ha (Yield at 12-13% grain moisture) *Munsell GlossyBook of Color, (A standard color reference). Kollmorgen Inst. Corp. NewWindsor, NY.

TABLE 2 SSR PROFILE OF PHAR1 Bin # Marker Name Base Pairs 1 UMC1354367.2 1.01 BNLG1014 114.1 1.01 TUB1 246.3 1.01 UMC1685 122.9 1.01UMC2012 75.9 1.01 UMC2224 364.2 1.01 UMC2225 300.5 1.02 BNLG1429 205.21.02 BNLG1953 248.1 1.02 UMC1711 251.3 1.02 UMC2204 133.4 1.02 UMC2383206.4 1.03 PHI109275 126.1 1.03 UMC1701 117.7 1.04 BNLG2086 218.2 1.04UMC1144 230.1 1.04 UMC1472 213.1 1.04 UMC2228 218.7 1.04 UMC2390 147.51.05 UMC1244 348.4 1.05 UMC1626 143.8 1.05 UMC1689 149.7 1.05 UMC1703153.2 1.05 UMC1906 155.8 1.05 UMC2025 131.3 1.05 UMC2232 139 1.06BNLG1057 274 1.06 UMC1035 237.4 1.06 UMC1398 162.2 1.06 UMC1709 350.91.06 UMC1919 157.1 1.06 UMC1924 161.2 1.06 UMC1988 347.8 1.06 UMC2234150.5 1.06 UMC2237 161.8 1.07 BNLG1556 201.7 1.07 UMC1848 143.5 1.07UMC2387 112.4 1.08 BNLG2228 224.3 1.08 UMC1838 166.9 1.08 UMC1991 2241.08 UMC2029 160.9 1.08 UMC2181 113.2 1.08 UMC2240 239.9 1.08 UMC2385264.3 1.09 BNLG1331 121 1.09 GLB1 226.6 1.09 UMC1715 152.5 1.09 UMC2028116.5 1.09 UMC2047 133.2 1.1 PHI308707 131.3 1.1 UMC1885 142.6 1.1UMC2189 112.2 1.11 PHI064 94.5 1.11 PHI265454 234 1.11 UMC1500 249.51.11 UMC1681 138.4 1.11 UMC2241 333.3 1.11 UMC2242 347.8 1.12 UMC1797109.1 2.01 PHI96100 284 2.01 UMC2245 161 2.01 UMC2363 337.1 2.02BNLG1017 195.4 2.02 UMC1265 311.6 2.02 UMC1824A 142.3 2.02 UMC1961 309.12.03 BNLG1064 190.9 2.03 UMC1845 141.8 2.03 UMC2246 145.3 2.04 PRP2131.2 2.04 UMC1326 142.9 2.04 UMC2007 111 2.04 UMC2030 166.6 2.04UMC2032 168.5 2.04 UMC2247 258.6 2.04 UMC2248 141.4 2.05 UMC1459 95.62.05 UMC1635 145.6 2.05 UMC2252 108.5 2.05 UMC2254 100.7 2.06 BNLG1036151.2 2.06 BNLG1138 222.2 2.06 BNLG1831 194.4 2.06 UMC1004 160.8 2.06UMC1156 234.6 2.06 UMC1658 140.4 2.06 UMC1749 245.5 2.06 UMC1875 142.82.06 UMC1946 81.5 2.06 UMC2023 143.9 2.06 UMC2192 332 2.06 UMC2194 3162.07 PHI251315 124.1 2.07 UMC1560 136.6 2.07 UMC2374 263.1 2.08 BNLG1141152.8 2.08 BNLG1940 214.5 2.08 PHI435417 217.9 2.08 UMC1049 127.6 2.08UMC1230 309.8 2.08 UMC1745 215.9 2.08 UMC1947 141.4 2.08 UMC2005 78.92.08 UMC2202 338.1 2.09 UMC1525 221.7 2.09 UMC1551 240.8 2.1 UMC2184 1272.1 UMC2214 287.6 3 PHI453121 223 3 UMC1931 101.9 3.01 PHI404206 303.73.01 UMC1892 105.7 3.01 UMC2049 151 3.01 UMC2255 213.2 3.01 UMC2256165.5 3.01 UMC2376 149.6 3.01 UMC2377 97.5 3.02 PHI243966 212.1 3.02UMC1814 339.1 3.02 UMC1886 155.3 3.04 BNLG1019A 155.1 3.04 BNLG1638142.2 3.04 TPI4 157.7 3.04 UMC1025 153.6 3.04 UMC1347 228.3 3.04 UMC1655158.6 3.04 UMC1683 86.9 3.04 UMC1908 135.9 3.04 UMC2002 158 3.04 UMC203372.2 3.04 UMC2261 141.8 3.04 UMC2262 141.7 3.04 UMC2263 393.3 3.04UMC2264 219.4 3.05 BNLG1035 101 3.05 GST4 185.5 3.05 UMC1300 164.7 3.05UMC1307 145.4 3.05 UMC1954 344.3 3.05 UMC2020 123.3 3.05 UMC2265 211.83.06 BNLG1160 220.3 3.06 BNLG1951 131.1 3.06 BNLG2241 142.5 3.06PHI102228 127.6 3.06 UMC1644 164.3 3.06 UMC1674 128.5 3.06 UMC1876 165.73.06 UMC2270 142 3.07 UMC1286 234.1 3.07 UMC1659 121.8 3.07 UMC1825160.1 3.07 UMC2273 234.1 3.08 UMC1844 142.9 3.08 UMC1915 95 3.08 UMC2276135.2 3.09 BNLG1496 196.2 3.09 UMC1639 97.6 3.09 UMC1641 208.1 3.09UMC1813 162.1 3.1 UMC2048 327.1 4 MTL1 140 4.01 UMC1757 197 4.03 ADH2111.2 4.04 ZP1 235.2 4.05 BNLG1217 212.4 4.05 BNLG1265 223.9 4.05BNLG1755 214.8 4.05 GPC1 177.8 4.05 UMC1175 144 4.05 UMC1346 93.6 4.05UMC1662 112 4.05 UMC1702 94.8 4.05 UMC1851 114.3 4.05 UMC1964 146.3 4.05UMC2054 151 4.05 UMC2061 125.2 4.06 BNLG2291 178.8 4.06 UMC1869 151.54.06 UMC1945 113.5 4.06 UMC2027 116.7 4.07 UMC1194 167.3 4.07 UMC1620148.2 4.07 UMC1651 95.6 4.07 UMC1847 160.1 4.08 BNLG2162 183.3 4.08 PDH1111 4.08 SSU1 287.4 4.08 UMC1371 124.7 4.08 UMC1418 147.9 4.08 UMC1559144.3 4.08 UMC1612 108.5 4.08 UMC1667 147 4.08 UMC1834 161.6 4.08UMC1856 189.7 4.08 UMC1899 111.7 4.08 UMC2187 91.1 4.09 BNLG1565 200.84.09 RPD3 161 4.09 UMC1284 144.4 4.09 UMC1328 161.2 4.09 UMC1643 145.14.09 UMC1650 139.5 4.09 UMC1820 142.1 4.09 UMC1940 134.6 4.09 UMC1999131.3 4.09 UMC2046 143.8 4.1 BNLG589 154.4 4.11 BNLG1890 200.8 5 UMC2022157.4 5 UMC2292 137.6 5.01 UMC2036 158.4 5.03 PHI109188 161.2 5.03UMC1315 159.1 5.03 UMC1355 357.9 5.03 UMC1475 260 5.03 UMC1686 93.7 5.03UMC1692 157.4 5.03 UMC1731 361.8 5.03 UMC1784 337 5.03 UMC1830 194.15.03 UMC1850 125.1 5.03 UMC1870 241.6 5.03 UMC2035 102.2 5.03 UMC2295115.2 5.03 UMC2297 151 5.04 BNLG2323 198.1 5.04 UMC1092 134.4 5.04UMC1162 130.7 5.04 UMC1629 114.4 5.04 UMC1815 274.5 5.04 UMC1860 154.95.04 UMC1990 136.1 5.04 UMC2298 91.4 5.04 UMC2299 125.7 5.04 UMC2302345.1 5.04 UMC2400 211.7 5.05 PHI333597 216.3 5.05 UMC1687 160.4 5.05UMC1800 147.8 5.05 UMC1822 116.6 5.05 UMC1853 113.6 5.05 UMC2026 100.65.06 GLN4 250.3 5.06 UMC1941 113.2 5.06 UMC2305 156.5 5.06 UMC2306 83.35.07 BNLG1118 82.7 5.07 UMC1375 143.3 5.07 UMC1537 325.1 5.07 UMC2013125.4 5.07 UMC2198 140.5 5.09 UMC1829 163.7 5.09 UMC2209 167.7 5.09UMC2308 144.5 6 FDX2 123.7 6 GPC2 350.1 6 UMC1753 200.4 6 UMC1883 86.36.01 CYC3 263.1 6.01 UMC1195 138.4 6.01 UMC1625 137.3 6.01 UMC2056 167.96.02 SAUR1 113.4 6.02 UMC1656 136.9 6.03 UMC1887 99.2 6.04 UMC1857 150.86.04 UMC1918 167.4 6.04 UMC2006 174.7 6.04 UMC2317 129.7 6.05 BNLG1174219.1 6.05 ROA2 348.7 6.05 UMC1314 346.6 6.05 UMC1413 303 6.05 UMC1751232.3 6.05 UMC1795 128 6.05 UMC1805 100.1 6.06 UMC1912 162.7 6.07BNLG1740 230.5 6.07 BNLG1759A 126.1 6.07 PHI299852 117.2 6.07 TLK1 836.07 UMC1350 119.9 6.07 UMC1653 108.3 6.07 UMC1897 157.2 6.08 UMC2059127.2 7 BNLG2132 200.4 7 UMC1378 118.3 7 UMC1642 140.8 7.01 O2 409.27.01 UMC1632 142.8 7.02 BNLG1094 157.5 7.02 CYP6 118.7 7.02 KPP1 351.97.02 UMC1339 133 7.02 UMC1929 157.4 7.02 UMC2327 136.6 7.03 BNLG1070145.5 7.03 BNLG155 253.1 7.03 BNLG2271 220 7.03 UMC1324 214.9 7.03UMC1660 204.6 7.03 UMC1713 139.6 7.03 UMC1841 109.2 7.03 UMC1865 151.67.03 UMC1888 149 7.04 PHI328175 99.4 7.04 RIP2 330.7 7.04 UMC1342 230.77.04 UMC1708 332.8 7.04 UMC1710 246.4 7.04 UMC1799 104.6 7.05 PHI069195.2 7.06 PHI116 164.9 8.01 UMC2042 107.9 8.02 UMC1304 246.5 8.02UMC1790 157.7 8.02 UMC1913 159 8.02 UMC2004 100.2 8.03 BNLG1863 242.78.03 PHI100175 136.7 8.03 PHI121 93.6 8.03 UMC1289 221.5 8.03 UMC1377216 8.03 UMC1904 134.3 8.04 BNLG2046 326.4 8.04 UMC1343 317.1 8.04UMC1858 128 8.05 UMC1141 306.9 8.05 UMC1287 312.7 8.05 UMC1316 233.28.05 UMC1846 111 8.05 UMC1864 170.6 8.05 UMC1889 113.3 8.05 UMC1959329.2 8.06 BNLG1031 291.2 8.06 UMC1149 227 8.06 UMC1161 258.1 8.07BNLG1065 226.8 8.07 BNLG1828 158.8 8.08 GST1 79.3 8.08 UMC1933 112.58.08 UMC2052 152.7 8.09 PHI233376 135.7 8.09 UMC1638 141.2 8.09 UMC1663175.7 9.01 BNLG1810 197.4 9.01 SH1 248.9 9.01 UMC1040 203.6 9.01 UMC1370251.3 9.01 UMC1809 230.6 9.01 UMC1867 172.9 9.02 UMC1131 362.4 9.02UMC1170 240.9 9.02 UMC1636 181.7 9.02 UMC1698 116.7 9.02 UMC1764 306.29.02 UMC1893 98.4 9.02 UMC2213 106.2 9.02 UMC2336 258.4 9.03 BNLG127222.5 9.03 UMC1420 316.8 9.03 UMC1634 113.8 9.03 UMC1691 141.9 9.03UMC2337 130.1 9.03 WX1 238.2 9.04 BNLG1012 161.5 9.04 BNLG1159B 148 9.04UMC1519 228.2 9.04 UMC2398 115.1 9.05 MMP179 161.3 9.05 UMC1357 251.29.05 UMC1654 111.3 9.05 UMC1657 164.4 9.05 UMC1794 118.4 9.05 UMC2338105 9.05 UMC2341 130.3 9.05 UMC2343 120.5 9.06 PHI448880 186.1 9.06UMC2207 115.3 9.06 UMC2346 288.2 9.06 UMC2358 135.2 9.07 BNLG1375 117.59.07 UMC1104 210.7 9.07 UMC1675 165.4 9.07 UMC1714 158.8 9.07 UMC180494.7 9.07 UMC2347 140.2 9.08 BNLG1129 300.7 10 PHI041 202.7 10.01UMC2018 162.9 10.01 UMC2053 103.6 10.02 PHI059 143.3 10.02 UMC1337 313.510.02 UMC1432 119.2 10.02 UMC2034 132.9 10.02 UMC2069 375.6 10.03BNLG1079 172.4 10.03 UMC1336 310 10.03 UMC1345 163.5 10.03 UMC1367 315.410.03 UMC1381 213.6 10.03 UMC1863 159.9 10.03 UMC1938 160.4 10.03UMC1962 145.3 10.03 UMC2016 125.3 10.03 UMC2067 152.1 10.03 UMC2348216.5 10.04 MGS1 158 10.04 UMC1330 340.5 10.04 UMC1589 114.1 10.04UMC1648 144 10.04 UMC1678 162.4 10.04 UMC1697 96.3 10.04 UMC1827 125.910.04 UMC1911 160 10.04 UMC1930 125.2 10.04 UMC2003 96.2 10.05 BNLG1074172.1 10.06 BNLG1028 127.9 10.06 UMC1993 108.9 10.07 BNLG1450 239.210.07 BNLG1839 233.3 10.07 UMC1038 261.1 10.07 UMC1556 254.4 10.07UMC1640 103.9 10.07 UMC1645 166

TABLE 3A PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT Variety #1: PHAR1 Variety #2:PH3RC YIELD YIELD EGRWTH BU/A 56# BU/A 56# MST PCT SCORE Stat ABS % MNABS ABS Mean1 138.6 115.5 22.3 6.3 Mean2 128.7 107 19.5 5.6 Locs 4 4 426 Reps 7 7 8 26 Diff 9.8 8.5 −2.8 0.7 Prob 0.455 0.434 0.066 0.003ESTCNT TILLER GDUSHD GDUSLK TASSZ COUNT PCT GDU GDU SCORE Stat ABS ABSABS ABS ABS Mean1 26.8 2.1 147.7 148 4.3 Mean2 26.4 0.6 147.9 150.6 4.2Locs 29 33 100 100 81 Reps 29 33 100 100 81 Diff 0.3 −1.5 −0.2 −2.5 0.2Prob 0.663 0.051 0.712 0 0.099 PLTHT EARHT STAGRN SCTGRN CM CM SCORESCORE Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 230.8 81.8 5.2 7.5 Mean2 241.9 80.9 5.37.3 Locs 84 22 26 15 Reps 84 22 26 15 Diff −11.1 0.9 −0.2 0.1 Prob 00.676 0.603 0.825 BARPLT GLFSPT FUSERS COMRST % NOT SCORE SCORE SCOREStat ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 91.7 4.8 8.2 5.3 Mean2 96.9 4.1 7.2 5.5 Locs52 12 6 4 Reps 52 12 6 4 Diff −5.2 0.7 1 −0.3 Prob 0.015 0.025 0.1110.391 CLDTST CLDTST KSZDCD ERTLPN PCT PCT PCT % NOT Stat ABS % MN ABSABS Mean1 94.3 109 2 100 Mean2 88.8 102.6 5.8 99.8 Locs 4 4 4 4 Reps 4 44 4 Diff 5.5 6.4 −3.8 0.3 Prob 0.032 0.029 0.122 0.391

TABLE 3B PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT Variety #1: PHAR1 Variety #2:PH2VJ YIELD YIELD TSTWT EGRWTH ESTCNT BU/A 56# BU/A 56# MST PCT LB/BUSCORE COUNT Stat ABS % MN ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 85.2 93.8 21.7 55.5 6.334.5 Mean2 89.4 97.6 19.9 55.8 6.6 33.4 Locs 18 18 20 5 18 16 Reps 33 3335 8 19 16 Diff −4.2 −3.9 −1.8 −0.3 −0.4 1.1 Prob 0.170 0.243 0 0.8140.085 0.200 TILLER GDUSHD GDUSLK TASSZ PCT GDU GDU SCORE Stat ABS ABSABS ABS Mean1 1.7 148.4 148.5 4.4 Mean2 0.8 148.3 149.3 4.4 Locs 21 5959 49 Reps 21 59 59 49 Diff −1 0.1 −0.7 0 Prob 0.118 0.89 0.144 0.883PLTHT EARHT STAGRN SCTGRN CM CM SCORE SCORE Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1234.1 86.9 4.8 7.1 Mean2 232.7 87.9 5 7.6 Locs 56 18 18 7 Reps 56 18 207 Diff 1.4 −1 −0.2 −0.4 Prob 0.593 0.707 0.658 0.200 BARPLT GLFSPTNLFBLT SLFBLT ANTROT % NOT SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE Stat ABS ABS ABS ABSABS Mean1 92.5 5.2 5.4 7 4.1 Mean2 95.8 5.7 6.5 7.3 4.8 Locs 33 19 4 2 5Reps 34 28 8 4 9 Diff −3.3 −0.6 −1.1 −0.3 −0.7 Prob 0.186 0.017 0.0180.5 0.525 FUSERS DIPERS COMRST CLDTST CLDTST KSZDCD SCORE SCORE SCOREPCT PCT PCT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS % MN ABS Mean1 5.3 3.8 5.3 97.6 100.1 2Mean2 4.6 5.9 5.3 97.1 99.7 8 Locs 8 5 3 9 9 8 Reps 14 10 4 9 9 8 Diff0.6 −2.1 0 0.4 0.5 −5.9 Prob 0.060 0.001 1 0.760 0.760 0.135 HD SMTERTLPN LRTLPN % NOT % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS Mean1 94.6 100 100Mean2 99.5 98.8 100 Locs 3 4 2 Reps 6 6 4 Diff −4.9 1.3 0 Prob 0.3520.391 1

TABLE 3C PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT Variety #1: PHAR1 Variety #2:PH07D YIELD YIELD TSTWT EGRWTH ESTCNT BU/A 56# BU/A 56# MST PCT LB/BUSCORE COUNT Stat ABS % MN ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 87.8 97.4 22.9 56.7 6.432.5 Mean2 75.4 83.7 25.9 56.3 6.2 32.8 Locs 28 28 29 9 27 29 Reps 32 3233 9 27 29 Diff 12.5 13.7 3 0.5 0.2 −0.2 Prob 0.027 0.031 0.001 0.7850.352 0.805 TILLER GDUSHD GDUSLK TASSZ PLTHT EARHT PCT GDU GDU SCORE CMCM Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 2 146.6 146.7 4.3 233.9 86.8 Mean21.6 150.9 153.7 3.5 239.5 97.1 Locs 30 83 83 70 70 19 Reps 33 83 83 7070 19 Diff −0.4 −4.3 −7 0.8 −5.6 −10.2 Prob 0.725 0 0 0 0.021 0.000STAGRN SCTGRN TEXEAR BARPLT GLFSPT SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT SCORE StatABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 5 7.7 6.3 93.1 5 Mean2 6.5 6.9 8 94.5 6.3 Locs25 16 3 47 16 Reps 25 16 3 51 21 Diff −1.5 0.8 −1.7 −1.4 −1.3 Prob 0.0000.054 0.038 0.524 0.002 NLFBLT STWWLT FUSERS COMRST CLDTST CLDTST SCORESCORE SCORE SCORE PCT PCT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS % MN Mean1 6.3 4 6.65.6 94.3 104 Mean2 5.4 5 7.4 5.9 93.1 102.7 Locs 4 1 12 5 12 12 Reps 8 115 6 12 12 Diff 0.9 −1 −0.8 −0.3 1.3 1.3 Prob 0.133 0.106 0.634 0.3920.406 KSZDCD ERTLPN LRTLPN PCT % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS Mean1 2.4100 100 Mean2 5.1 100 90 Locs 12 3 2 Reps 16 3 3 Diff −2.8 0 10 Prob0.049 1 0.5

TABLE 4 GENERAL COMBINING ABILITY REPORT FOR PH1AR PRM Day ABS Mean 111PRM Day ABS Reps 1434 PRMSHD Day ABS Mean 112 PRMSHD Day ABS Reps 735YIELD bu/a 56# ABS Mean 194.7 YIELD bu/a 56# ABS Reps 653 YIELD bu/a 56#ABS Years 3 YIELD bu/a 56# % MN Mean 100.5 YIELD bu/a 56# % MN Reps 653MST pct ABS Mean 21.3 MST pct ABS Reps 656 MST pct % MN Mean 100.5 MSTpct % MN Reps 656 STLPCN % NOT % MN Mean 108 STLPCN % NOT % MN Reps 163STLLPN % NOT % MN Mean 101 STLLPN % NOT % MN Reps 158 ERTLPN % NOT % MNMean 103 ERTLPN % NOT % MN Reps 64 LRTLPN % NOT % MN Mean 104 LRTLPN %NOT % MN Reps 86 TSTWT lb/bu % MN Mean 100.4 TSTWT lb/bu % MN Reps 455STKCNT count % MN Mean 100 STKCNT count % MN Reps 1215 PLTHT in % MNMean 103 PLTHT in % MN Reps 216 EARHT in % MN Mean 103 EARHT in % MNReps 188 BRTSTK % NOT % MN Mean 102 BRTSTK % NOT % MN Reps 75 GLFSPTscore ABS Mean 6 GLFSPT score ABS Reps 47 STAGRN score ABS Mean 5 STAGRNscore ABS Reps 202 HSKCVR score ABS Mean 4 HSKCVR score ABS Reps 39HDSMT % NOT ABS Mean 78 HDSMT % NOT ABS Reps 67

TABLE 5A INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT Variety #1: HYBRIDCONTAINING PHAR1 Variety #2: 33H05 YIELD YIELD EGRWTH GDUSHD GDUSLK BU/A56# BU/A 56# MST PCT SCORE GDU GDU Stat ABS % MN % MN % MN % MN % MNMean1 186.4 102.1 101.9 97.9 101.4 101.7 Mean2 182.5 100.3 104.3 80100.2 100.6 Locs 132 132 133 25 33 22 Reps 141 141 142 27 37 25 Diff 41.8 2.4 17.9 1.2 1.2 Prob 0.027 0.062 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.033 STKCNTPLTHT EARHT STAGRN STKLDG TSTWT COUNT CM CM SCORE % NOT LB/BU Stat % MN% MN % MN % MN % MN ABS Mean1 99.6 103.4 105.3 111.4 106.9 56.6 Mean2100 100.3 101.1 122.1 97.9 55.9 Locs 242 41 41 48 2 87 Reps 339 44 44 512 95 Diff −0.4 3.1 4.3 −10.7 9 0.7 Prob 0.214 0.002 0.013 0.045 0.0810.001 GLFSPT NLFBLT GOSWLT ANTROT FUSERS DIPERS SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORESCORE SCORE Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 5.8 5.3 8 4.8 4.4 5 Mean25.7 6.4 8 5 4.8 7 Locs 8 9 2 4 6 1 Reps 11 14 4 8 10 2 Diff 0.1 −1.1 0−0.3 −0.4 −2 Prob 0.699 0.028 1 0.604 0.363 — HSKCVR GIBROT BRTSTK HDSMT ERTLPN LRTLPN SCORE SCORE % NOT % NOT % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABSABS ABS ABS Mean1 4.2 4.5 97.9 91.8 87 88.6 Mean2 4.8 4.2 99.8 98.8 74.480.3 Locs 10 5 10 7 12 18 Reps 10 9 12 12 13 22 Diff −0.6 0.3 −1.9 −7.112.6 8.3 Prob 0.024 0.716 0.071 0.298 0.034 0.172

TABLE 5B INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT Variety #1: HYBRIDCONTAINING PHAR1 Variety #2: 34B23 YIELD YIELD EGRWTH ESTCNT GDUSHD BU/A56# BU/A 56# MST PCT SCORE COUNT GDU Stat ABS % MN % MN % MN % MN % MNMean1 191.4 101.5 101.1 97.2 98.3 101.2 Mean2 187 99.7 97.5 110.9 104101 Locs 207 207 208 38 8 43 Reps 233 233 234 44 14 52 Diff 4.4 1.8 −3.7−13.8 −5.7 0.1 Prob 0.006 0.039 0 0.000 0.065 0.753 GDUSLK STKCNT PLTHTEARHT STAGRN STKLDG GDU COUNT CM CM SCORE % NOT Stat % MN % MN % MN % MN% MN % MN Mean1 101.6 99.8 104.1 105.9 106.7 111.4 Mean2 101.5 99.9 98.894.1 83.4 72.6 Locs 31 348 58 55 73 3 Reps 39 494 66 60 77 4 Diff 0.1−0.2 5.2 11.8 23.3 38.7 Prob 0.841 0.612 0 0 0 0.276 DRPEAR TSTWT GLFSPTNLFBLT SLFBLT GOSWLT % NOT LB/BU SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE Stat % MN ABSABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 100.5 56.6 5.8 5.4 5.8 8 Mean2 100.5 57.5 4.5 4.13.4 8 Locs 2 141 12 15 4 3 Reps 2 161 17 23 8 6 Diff 0 −1 1.3 1.3 2.4 0Prob 1 0 0.001 0.001 0.002 1 ANTROT CLN FUSERS GIBERS DIPERS ECBDPESCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean14.7 5.3 4.4 7 6 96.1 Mean2 3.1 4.7 4.7 6.7 5.3 97.7 Locs 6 1 8 3 3 5Reps 12 3 14 5 6 6 Diff 1.6 0.7 −0.3 0.3 0.7 −1.6 Prob 0.135 — 0.7360.184 0.529 0.233 ECB2SC HSKCVR GIBROT DIPROT BRTSTK HD SMT SCORE SCORESCORE SCORE % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 6.1 3.9 4.35.8 98.3 89.5 Mean2 4.4 4.5 4 3 93.9 75.2 Locs 12 19 6 2 12 12 Reps 1623 10 4 15 25 Diff 1.6 −0.6 0.3 2.8 4.4 14.3 Prob 0.014 0.001 0.7180.272 0.035 0.005 ERTLPN LRTLPN % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS Mean1 80.3 81.8Mean2 81.5 78.1 Locs 14 26 Reps 16 31 Diff −1.1 3.8 Prob 0.865 0.496

TABLE 5C INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT Variety #1: HYBRIDCONTAINING PHAR1 Variety #2: 34H31 YIELD YIELD EGRWTH ESTCNT GDUSHD BU/A56# BU/A 56# MST PCT SCORE COUNT GDU Stat ABS % MN % MN % MN % MN % MNMean1 191.4 101.1 101.2 97.2 98.3 101.4 Mean2 186.9 99.1 102.1 90.8103.8 98.7 Locs 191 191 192 37 8 37 Reps 217 217 218 43 14 46 Diff 4.5 20.9 6.3 −5.5 2.8 Prob 0.008 0.024 0.103 0.08 0.069 0 GDUSLK STKCNT PLTHTEARHT STAGRN STKLDG GDU COUNT CM CM SCORE % NOT Stat % MN % MN % MN % MN% MN % MN Mean1 101.7 100 104.4 106.1 108.4 113.4 Mean2 97.9 100.9 97.396.3 101.4 93.4 Locs 30 322 52 49 65 2 Reps 38 473 60 54 69 3 Diff 3.8−0.9 7.1 9.8 7 19.9 Prob 0 0.000 0 0 0.169 0.477 DRPEAR TSTWT GLFSPTNLFBLT SLFBLT GOSWLT % NOT LB/BU SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE Stat % MN ABSABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 99.4 56.5 5.9 5.4 5.8 8 Mean2 99.4 58 5.3 6.4 5.17.7 Locs 1 128 10 15 4 3 Reps 1 148 15 23 8 6 Diff 0 −1.5 0.6 −1 0.6 0.3Prob — 0 0.074 0.011 0.194 0.184 ANTROT CLN FUSERS GIBERS DIPERS ECBDPESCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean14.7 5.3 4.4 7 6 96.1 Mean2 5.3 4.7 5.8 6.2 6 98 Locs 6 1 8 3 3 5 Reps 123 14 6 6 6 Diff −0.6 0.7 −1.4 0.8 0 −1.9 Prob 0.272 — 0.008 0.300 10.188 ECB2SC HSKCVR GIBROT DIPROT BRTSTK HD SMT SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE% NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 5.8 3.9 4.3 5.8 98.4 90Mean2 5.3 5.7 4.1 6.3 99 94.7 Locs 9 19 6 2 13 15 Reps 13 23 11 4 16 30Diff 0.5 −1.9 0.2 −0.5 −0.6 −4.7 Prob 0.395 0 0.732 0.705 0.451 0.1095ERTLPN LRTLPN % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS Mean1 79.6 81.2 Mean2 87.2 85Locs 13 23 Reps 15 28 Diff −7.7 −3.8 Prob 0.329 0.530

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thespecification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art towhich this invention pertains. All such publications, patents and patentapplications are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose citedto the same extent as if each was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference herein.

The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way ofillustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. Asis readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are onlysome of the methods and compositions that illustrate the embodiments ofthe foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art that variations, changes, modifications and alterations maybe applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein withoutdeparting from the true spirit, concept and scope of the invention.

1. A seed comprising at least one set of the chromosomes of maize inbredline PHAR1, representative seed of said line having been deposited underATCC Accession Number PTA-7058, wherein said chromosomes comprise all ofthe alleles of inbred line PHAR1 at the SSR loci listed in Table
 2. 2. Amaize plant produced by growing the seed of claim
 1. 3. A maize plantpart of the maize plant of claim
 2. 4. The seed of claim 1, wherein saidseed is an F1 hybrid maize seed produced by crossing a plant of maizeinbred line PHAR1 with a different maize plant and harvesting theresultant F1 hybrid maize seed.
 5. A maize plant produced by growing theF1 hybrid maize seed of claim
 4. 6. A maize plant part of the maizeplant of claim
 5. 7. An F1 hybrid maize seed comprising an inbred maizeplant cell of inbred maize line PHAR1, representative seed of said linehaving been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-7058.
 8. A maizeplant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim
 7. 9. The F1hybrid maize seed of claim 7 wherein the inbred maize plant cellcomprises two sets of chromosomes of maize inbred line PHAR, whereinsaid chromosomes comprise all of the alleles of inbred line PHAR1 at theSSR loci listed in Table
 2. 10. A maize plant produced by growing the F1hybrid maize seed of claim
 9. 11. A process of introducing a desiredtrait into maize inbred line PHAR1 comprising: (a) crossing PHAR1 plantsgrown from PHAR1 seed, representative seed of which has been depositedunder ATCC Accession No: PTA-7058, with plants of another maize linethat comprise a desired trait to produce F1 progeny plants, wherein thedesired trait is selected from the group consisting of waxy starch, malesterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, bacterial diseaseresistance, fungal disease resistance, and viral disease resistance; (b)selecting F1 progeny plants that have the desired trait to produceselected F1 progeny plants; (c) crossing the selected progeny plantswith the PHAR1 plants to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selectingfor backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and the allelesof inbred line PHAR1 at the SSR loci listed in Table 2 to produceselected backcross progeny plants; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d)to produce backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait andcomprise at least 95% of the alleles of inbred line PHAR1 at the SSRloci listed in Table
 2. 12. A plant produced by the process of claim 11,wherein the plant comprises at least 95% of the alleles of inbred linePHAR1 at the SSR loci listed in Table
 2. 13. A maize plant having allthe physiological and morphological characteristics of inbred linePHAR1, wherein a sample of the seed of inbred line PHAR1 was depositedunder ATCC Accession Number PTA-7058.
 14. A process of producing maizeseed, comprising crossing a first parent maize plant with a secondparent maize plant, wherein one or both of the first or the secondparent maize plants is the plant of claim 13, and harvesting theresultant seed.
 15. The maize seed produced by the process of claim 14.16. The maize seed of claim 15, wherein the maize seed is hybrid seed.17. A hybrid maize plant, or its parts, produced by growing said hybridseed of claim
 16. 18. The maize plant of claim 13, further comprising anSSR profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table
 2. 19. A cellof the maize plant of claim
 13. 20. The cell of claim 19, wherein saidcell is further defined as having an SSR profile in accordance with theprofile shown in Table
 2. 21. A seed comprising the cell of claim 19.22. The maize plant of claim 13, further defined as having a genomecomprising a single locus conversion.
 23. The maize plant of claim 22,wherein the single locus was stably inserted into the maize genome bytransformation.
 24. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the locus isselected from the group consisting of a dominant allele and a recessiveallele.
 25. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the locus confers atrait selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance; insectresistance; resistance to bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral disease;waxy starch; male sterility and restoration of male fertility.
 26. Themaize plant of claim 13, wherein said plant is further defined ascomprising a gene conferring male sterility.
 27. The maize plant ofclaim 13, wherein said plant is further defined as comprising atransgene conferring a trait selected from the group consisting of malesterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance and diseaseresistance.
 28. A method of producing a maize plant comprising the stepsof: (a) growing a progeny plant produced by crossing the plant of claim13 with a second maize plant; (b) crossing the progeny plant with itselfor a different plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of asubsequent generation; (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration with itself or a different plant; and (d) repeating steps (b)and (c) for an additional 0-5 generations to produce a maize plant. 29.The method of claim 28 wherein the produced maize plant is an inbredmaize plant.
 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising the step ofcrossing the inbred maize plant with a second, distinct inbred maizeplant to produce an F1 hybrid maize plant.
 31. A method for developing asecond maize plant in a maize plant breeding program comprising applyingplant breeding techniques to a first maize plant, or parts thereof,wherein said first maize plant is the maize plant of claim 13, andwherein application of said techniques results in development of saidsecond maize plant.
 32. The method for developing a maize plant in amaize plant breeding program of claim 31 wherein plant breedingtechniques are selected from the group consisting of recurrentselection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, andtransformation.
 33. A method of plant breeding comprising the steps of:(a) obtaining a molecular marker profile of maize inbred line PHAR1 ,representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCCAccession No. PTA-7058; (b) obtaining an F1 hybrid seed for which themaize plant of claim 13 is a parent; (c) crossing a plant grown from theF1 hybrid seed with a different maize plant; and (d) selecting progenythat possess said molecular marker profile of PHAR 1.